Differences and Similarities of Business Systems in China...

Summary By utilizing institutional matrix, this paper explains how different factors in each country interact with one another and how those factors consist the business system in China and Japan. Moreover, this paper also compares the differences and similarities of business systems in China and in Japan. Business System In order to understand the business system, we need to look at the most important component, the people, first. After recognizing the pattern of individual activity, we can apply this pattern in a broader sense and understand the system as a whole. Japanese people tend to be more collectivistic than Chinese. Historically Japan and China had ruled under the idea of Confucianism, which stresses the importance of†¦show more content†¦Guanxi seems play a major part in Chinese firms when it comes to promotion, a large number of bribe payers approaches to his/her supervisor during the promotion window and pays a big fortune or buy an expensive gift like luxury watch or handbag. This action is usually seen in the state-owned enterprises since no one really holds responsibility for bad personal decision and changes of personal is often one way. Unless someone make a serious mistake, he/she will not be demoted for being non-action. In private sector, however, merit is the most important criteria. Nominator usually holds responsibility for his/her nomination, and the changes of personal is two-ways. If someone get promoted and he/she cannot fulfil the job, he/she will be demoted. Another difference between the lobar market in China and Japan is the participation rate of female workers. By 2012 the labor force participate rate for Japan is only 48% where as 68% for China. This index for both countries is stable for years (2014). One of the major decision making system in Japanese firms is ringi system. Ringi system requires everyone including first-line workers to put their seal on the specially designed roll to indicate they agree with the change, this is usually time consuming but once a common decision is formed, the firm can quickly and easily implement the change (Ala, 1999, pp. 22-25). Such ringi system does not exist in China,Show MoreRelatedSimilarities and Differences between Chinese Culture and Japanese Culture1567 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Similarities and Differences between Chinese Culture and Japanese Culture All collectives and groups in the world, no matter big countries or small families, have their own cultures. There is no single definition which can suit everyone’s understanding of culture. For example, Hofstede defines culture as ‘something consists of the unwritten rules of the social game’ (Refer to Bibliography No.1, p. 6); Hoebel and Frost define culture as an ‘integrated system of learned behaviour patterns’ (ReferRead MoreCauses of the Hyper Growth Phenomenon in China and Japan Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiencing such hyper growth is Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Japan and China. In this essay China and Japan will be selected as representative in comparing and contrast of both business system as they are one of the largest economic bodies in the world and they both have rich history in business system development. Additionally, the essay will include analysis on factors that cause the differences of 2 business systems which include, b usiness cultural communication, management styles and the formationRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management1730 Words   |  7 Pages Content Contents Introduction 2 HRM in China 2 The Labour Market 2 State-owned enterprises (SOEs) 2 HR Challenges for foreign enterprises 2 1.3.1 Recruitment and selection 2 1.3.2 Training and Development 3 HRM in Japan 3 Lifelong Employment 3 A Seniority-based wage system 4 Enterprise Unions 4 Japan’s future 5 Comparing China and Japan 5 Business Etiquettes in China 5 Business Etiquette in Japan 6 Conclusion 7 Introduction Human Resource Management is one of the most important functionsRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Chinese And Japanese Enterprises1662 Words   |  7 Pagesresource management in Chinese and Japanese enterprises with the purpose of analysing the differences and the similarities between the two. The research has been conducted for a business professional working in the human resource department in a Chinese enterprise looking to work in Japan. Both the countries have been identified strong economies but very little attention has been paid to investigate the HRM differences in these countries. This study uses previous research and published data to exploreRead MoreEssay about Japanese, Russian, Chinese, and Mexican Organized Crime1042 Words   |  5 Pages Organized crime is an international issue and it exists in several different countries, such as; Italy, China, Japan, Russia and the United States of America. Although all these groups of organized crime have many things in comm on they tend to have different ways of doing something, or they may not do them at all. Many also commit similar types of crimes, and others commit crimes other groups would not. It is thought that the Russian Mafia has existed in Russia for several centuries. When RussiaRead More1. Compare and contrast business systems in Japan and China. Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country and/or corporate examples. 2476 Words   |  10 Pages Introduction After the World War Two, Japan embarked on a journey of reviving its economy. The fast industralisation process is nothing short of spectacular. Japan’s basic infrastructure was basically destroyed in the war and she grew from a war-torn state to a world leading economy in a few decades. This requires good company and government governance, in order to achieve this result. Japan is also a major technology and export hub in Asia and she is currently the world third largest economy byRead MoreComparing Japan and Russias Response to industrialization before 1914.1519 Words   |  7 Pagessay in government. Russia avoided the French Plague by a period of isolation and oppression of their people. Japan also had a long period of isolation. The Japanese believed in the Mandate of Heaven or that there culture was the best. Because of their ethnocentric culture, only one Japanese port, Nagasaki, was open to traders once a year. During the late 19th century, both Russia and Japan were forced to make reforms and modernize by industrialization. They both had to do so rapidly because of WesternRead MoreChinas Economic Growth1224 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic Growth China may share some economic growth patterns with Japan, Korea, and Taiwan due to cultural similarities, geographic location, similar economic development strategies, or, in the case of Japan, relatively large size of the domestic economy. China’s economic growth is expanding at a great pace, while other countries may be at a standstill. China has been the world s fastest-growing economy. One of the main stimuli twelve years ago was the release of Hong Kong to China from Great BritainRead MoreCompare and Contrast Business Systems in Japan and China. Answer with Reference to Relevant Theories and Use Comparative Country and/or Corporate Examples.3017 Words   |  13 PagesCompare and contrast business systems in Japan and China. Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country and/or corporate examples. Word count: 2,608 To understand the differences between Japanese and Chinese business systems we must first understand the meaning of a â€Å"business system†. A â€Å"business system† is a â€Å"methodical procedure or process, used as a delivery mechanism for providing specific goods or services to customers in a well defined market† (1). Unlike theRead MoreCompare and Contrast Business Systems in Japan and China. Answer with Reference to Relevant Theories and Use Comparative Country and/or Corporate Examples.1868 Words   |  8 PagesCompare and contrast business systems in Japan and China. Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country and/or corporate examples. Abstract The comparison and contrast of the business system between Japan and China Introduction In Japan much of its arts, languages, religion and culture are imported from China hence there are some similarity in both countries’ business system but over the centuries, Japan was able to convert this commonalities into differences which is uniquely

A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity Free Essays

string(93) " and fixed femaleness that emanates from the mother in the early mother-infant relationship\." A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity | Introduction During the twentieth century there have been several leading studies, findings and theories to attempt to rationalize and explain masculinity and gender roles in the United States. Some have been based on biblical reference, others on pure animal instinct and some based on modern research. In the following pages I will describe my own factors and qualities that define what it means to be man; that is to understand modern masculinity in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will highlight and further explore the common theme of hegemonic masculinity and how it threads into our modern culture. You will see a â€Å"frameless framework† evolve; one that is not visible directly, rather it becomes visible only through the absence of tangible visual clues. In addition, I will explore the intersectionality of several roles the Western culture uses to define ourselves as men. Along the way I have included historical references to show how this has changed. In the end you will have a better understanding about intended, conscious choices as well as those unintended, more subtle elements which define modern Western masculinity. Hegemonic Masculinity When pressure is applied and the outcome is not written, verbalized or otherwise directly expressed as hegemonic. This likewise can be applied to gender roles, and most specifically to masculine gender. The dominant discourse of masculinity characterized by physical and emotional toughness, risk taking, predatory heterosexuality, being a breadwinner, and so on. Elements of hegemonic masculinity are commonly set up in binary opposition to their alternatives, so that anything other than the hegemonic form is immediately non-masculine (Divisser, 597) There are numerous unrealistic expectations placed on modern men; often fraught with conflicting values and outcomes. Often men are defined as men by actions, visual clues and memberships to social (non-visual) cliques. Throughout recent history gender (masculine and feminine both) have evolved, as they should have, and n some ways modernized to fit with current cultural standards. Theorists have historicized gender and detached it as an analytical concept from patriarchy, emphasizing instead the performative and discursive features of regimes of gendered power. (Nye, 419) Several theories have been introduced to understand how conflicts incur stress or â€Å"strain†. One such theory is Gender Strain Theory which roughly states how genders differently experience various aspects of life, inc luding their gender. In an important sense there is only one complete unblushing male in America: a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight, and height, and a recent record in sports. Every American male tends to look out upon the world from this perspective, thus constituting one sense in which one can speak of a common value system in America. Any male who fails to qualify in any one of these ways is likely to view himself—during moments at least—as unworthy, incomplete, and inferior. Phillips, 407) Additionally, men and women experience war differently even with the same uniforms, leaders, directions and mission the outcomes and experiences for each gender are distinct. The men who made the transition from citizens to soldiers were obliged to leave behind a sense of manly competence as heads of household for a life in which they lived rough, submitted to discipline, and survived on their fight ing skills and personal courage. (Nye, 417) One important note is the sense of pride that an act, such as fighting for one’s country can inflict on a man. As much as he might love and identify with his country, the citizen-soldier fought for and under the scrutiny of his comrades in arms, out of the need to defend his personal honor and that of the fatherland, or—which amounts to the same thing—to avoid shame. (Nye, 421) Some actions, either socially, publically and in some cases privately, also perpetuate an unrealistic gender stereotype. As an example, vendors of all types market to gender-specific audiences; one of the most gendered is beer manufactures. They spend an incredible amount of effort (and money) researching gender, role and the perfect campaign to stimulate sales. Masculinity may be conceptualized as a problem because of links between hegemonic masculinity and excessive alcohol consumption, academics, health professionals, the media, and the general public should resist the urge to equate (young) masculinity with excessive alcohol consumption. (Devisser, 612) Within the humanities, human and social sciences, there is growing understanding of identity as a normative ideal that is assured through use of categories like sex, sexuality, gender, race, and ethnicity. These categories function to regulate and â€Å"develop† identity by including and excluding particular characteristics in relation to an assumed â€Å"normal. † (Phillips, 416) Hegemonic masculinity thus refers to the social ascendancy of a particular version of model of masculinity that operates on the terrain of common sense and conventional morality that defines â€Å"What it means to be a man,† thus securing the dominance of some men (and the subordination of women) within the sex/gender system. (Craig 190) At the most basic level, masculinity can be understood as the outward expressions of being biologically male. In this way, male (and female) behaviors are accounted for through a form of genetic and/or biological determinism. The Y Chromosome, testosterone and other hormonal influences, are seen as creating a drive toward particular behaviors in men – hunter(breadwinner), being territorial, sexual promiscuity – that are expressions of evolutionary mechanisms designed to ensure the survival of the species and the procreation of the strongest genetic pool. (Robertson, 27) The model of the male hegemonic sexuality tends to presume the idea of a male heterosexual identity. This, in turn, implies some sense of sameness, commonality, and continuity. If not actually present, the search is nevertheless at least on for an identity—a project of knowing how one is a man. (Hearn, Connell, Kimmel, 190) Another theory that has evolved is the Psychoanalytic Object Relations Theory of Masculine Identity. It helps explain that a boy’s innate and fixed maleness is inadvertently undermined by the mother’s innate and fixed femaleness that emanates from the mother in the early mother-infant relationship. You read "A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity" in category "Papers" This undermining occurs, according to Pollack (1995), through the mother’s unconscious and conscious dis-identifying behavior. He describes it as â€Å"more than just a subtle emotional shift. (Phillips, 409) In a related, yet quite different approach, the Self-In-Relation Theory of Men and Masculinity Development that encourages sons and fathers (or mothers and sons) so ultimately not stay connected. Although painful thi s necessary coming-of-age does help complete the parent role and begin the maturity of the son. According to the self-in-relation theory of masculine development, disconnection from relationship is reinforced by cultural forces. Gender role socialization and gender stereotypes, for example, pressure boys and mothers to disconnect in the name of â€Å"normal† development and achieving maleness. Phillips, 411) This pressure to define oneself as a man has been a historically difficult and painful experience. During the early portion of the industrial revolution men no longer worried only about controlling their own passions; now they were fretting that the new crowds surrounding them would put them in a straitjacket. And sadly, at least to many of them, escape was increasingly difficult. (Kimmel, 86) Therefore in many cases men had to find common ground among themselves. For the first time they could help identify themselves as individuals by first define themselves as a group. Gender socialization, in this theory, provides the interactional component between individual and society in gender role identity formation. (Phillips, 410) Race and Age Marginalization For some men identity definition comes about by marginalizing other minority groups. By minority I mean other races, ages, social classes, economic groups, religions, etc. By downplaying others’ images it makes the man feel stronger. By comparison a hegemonic masculinity is asserted by denigrating ‘others’ who are not present. Mullen, 152) Although seemingly subtle this assertion has put countless marginalized groups further under power and further separated from a dominant class. External appearance and physical functioning are considered reflections of the self and symbolize social status. Thus, people whose body does not comply with the ideal rank lower in the hierarchy. Specifically, whereas the young body is a central definer of the ideal person, the aged body symbolizes the u nwanted and turns into a subject of collective stigma. (Mersel, 74) This case of ageism pushes a lifetime of experience and expertise aside for the sake of ego and self righteousness. Interestingly, the division between two ‘kinds’ of people is supported by opposing stereotypes. Whereas youngsters are perceived as productive, independent and dynamic, elders are regarded as non-productive, dependant and static. A similar reversal relation is found in gender traits as well. In contrast to the gendered young and middle-aged adults, older persons are conceived of as devoid of gender. (Mersel, 75) In addition to the general relationship between aging and gender, the specific intersection between aging and masculinity further deepens the interruption in the masculine key-plots. One major reason is older men’s transparency. As a result of the aging demography, older men are constructed as pre-death. (Mersel, 76) Power Over Women with Pornography Another factor to help define masculinity is the self-centered and sexual pleasure derived from pornography. Specifically from pornographic web sites since the selection is so wide for individual tastes, the availability is as ubiquitous as the Internet and privacy does not usually become an issue. No discussion of these Web sites can ignore the attempts to devalue women in text and images presented. The sites objectify women, relegate them to means for satisfying â€Å"normal† (pathological) desire, and present them as sources of financial reward. While these women are represented as interested in sex, no matter how interested or willing these women are, they remain things to be used and left for the next object-commodity. (Cook, 52) No matter the sexual preference the center of this situation is another power-over situation. Rarely has pornography been produced that does not provide a point of view for a dominant male. Even with Bamp;D pornography with a female dominatrix the woman is simply performing the man’s duty with â€Å"male gaze† enabled. Sex is then no longer the source of a truth, as it was for the moderns with their strong belief in science. Instead human sexualities have become destabilized, de-centered and de-essentialized: the sexual life is no longer seen as harboring an essential unitary core locatable within a clear framework (such as the nuclear family), with an essential truth waiting to be discovered. (Hearn, Connell, Kimmel, 188) Job Identity For numerous reasons men typically use a job as a major contributing factor to their identities. It can fulfill a sense of pride, satisfaction and other purely tangible benefits which are hard to combine in other scenarios. Clearly success here can be defined as a raise, a promotion, recognition and other benefits of a defined â€Å"job well done†. When people of either sex success or fail at a task they typically attribute their success or failure to some cause—their ability, effort, luck or the difficulty of the task. Which cause is attributed in a particular circumstance is a result of such factors a gender stereotypes and neurotic pressures. (Steinberg, 98) Historically airline companies portrayed the pilot as rugged, schooled in wartime flying, courageous, and loyal. Passengers were made to believe that, in the event of danger, they were in the safe hands of experienced and courageous flyers. Stories of pilot heroism and courage were repeated throughout company publicity materials. (Mills, 175) In addition, there have been notions of a hegemonic masculinity that have also been threatened by the rise of the global post-industrial economy. This has ushered in different patterns of employment, resulting in the decline of heavy industry and the increase in service-based employment leading to the progressive fragmentation of class-based communities. (Mullen, 153) For the sake of pilots flying had become associated with two types of danger – combative warfare and aircraft pioneering – both of which were associated in the public mind with men. (Mills, 176) Rapid industrialization, technological transformation, capital concentration, urbanization, and immigration—all of these created a new sense of an oppressively crowded, depersonalized, and often emasculated life. Manhood had meant autonomy and self-control, but now fewer and fewer American men owned they own ships, controlled their own labor, owned their own farms. More and more men were economically dependent, subject to the regime of the time clock. (Kimmel, 82) In addition the public had started to be trained to see heterosexual imagery in corporate materials was subtle and indirect – with references to the individual male employee or passengers and â€Å"his wife†. Mills, 179) American men started to feel themselves beleaguered and besieged, working harder and harder for fewer and fewer personal and social rewards. Women have not only entered the workplace but demand entry into men’s social clubs. (Kimmel, 299) In the end some men chose their careers easily and some chose them with qualms about the manliness or the morality of their choice, but the time came when each of them â€Å"first made trial of his talents† in a profession. Many years of hard work and ev en more of grand dreams had been spent in preparation for this moment. Young men often felt as if an audience of friends and family watched their first efforts at success. (Rotundo, 174) Relationships with Other Men One of the most visible factors which help define masculinity is male/male friendships. Generally men’s friendships are marked by shared activities. Their talk usually centers around work, sports and sharing expertise. Men also trade complaints and concerns about women, along with talk of exploits, but most of the time their interactions are emotionally contained and controlled. Craig, 95) Peer friendship groups may be beneficial to men in terms of mental well-being, masculine identity is often (re) affirmed in such groups through misogyny, homophobia and violence that reinforces hegemonic ideals and can result in the marginalization/subordination of others. (Robertson, 110) One could consider groups of men to be â€Å"gangs† in a purely denotation sense, due to the habits and bonds formed between members. But in addition there are actions (passages, if you will) which may include drinking alcohol in gang life. Alcohol acts as a social lubricant to maintain the solidarity of the gang and also to affirm masculinity and male togetherness. It is a significant part of a number of gang rituals: initiation, funerals and fighting between members. (Mullen, 152) The central theme of masculine leisure activity in a beer commercial, then, is challenge, risk, and mastery—mastery over nature, over technology, over others in good-natured â€Å"combat†, and over oneself. To that end beer functions in leisure activities as it does in work: as a reward for challenges successfully overcome; it also serves another function, never explicitly alluded to in commercials. In several ways drinking, in itself, is a test of mastery. (Craig, 82) To further perpetuate these values in advertising, nature is closely associated with both masculinity and beer, as beer is presented as equivalent to nature. Often, beer is shown to be a product that is nature and pure, implying that its consumption is not harmful, and perhaps even healthy. (Craig, 83) What conclusions could someone draw from this? What lens might these ads be using to sell their products? Yet again, we see masculinity, gender identity and other values (by their filtered definition) sold along with the product. Sexual Identity When sociologists, historians, feminists, and anthropologists began to study human sexuality they soon realized that it was often profoundly unlike that found in other animals. Of course there is a biological substratum that connects us all to animal life, but what is distinctive about human sexuality is that it is both (a) symbolic and meaningful and (b) linked to power. (Hearn, Connell, Kimmel, 187) Despite feminist progress the majority of modern men are still focused solely on the hunt. Today American men are still doing only a fraction more of the work in the home than they were thirty years ago. (Walker, 198) Several of the major factors in sexual identity are phallus-driven (for the sake of this discussion I’ll use â€Å"penis† to mean physical and â€Å"phallus† to mean symbolic). The problem is that the phallus-self immediately refers to the penis-self and the fundamental question of Western heterosexual masculinity (â€Å"am I man enough? †) refers directly to the possession of a â€Å"man enough† penis. The problem is twofold. It reflects a failure to imagine women’s pleasures in other than penile (phallic) terms. It also makes the penis the sole bearer of the possibility for women’s pleasure. (Cook, 58) Heterosexual adolescents may experience coming to terms with their questions about conventional gender ideologies and that the struggles may be keen and unseen by others. It also opens the possibility that the salience of these questions and the ability to resolve them may occur at different times in the development for girls and for boys. Striepe and Tolman, 529) Heterosexual masculine identity is an ongoing production of self that is underpinned by an unfulfillable desire to produce a centre and to generate a self that represses the initial primary identification with the mother. In short, heterosexual masculine identity can be understood to be performed against anxiety. This anxiety is a function of the (failed) repression of femininity that is central to the production of male identity. ( Cook, 48) Two principal sources may be asserted of the (phallic) anxiety that is fundamental to Western heterosexual masculinity. One is the basic psychological process of separating from the mother, which is an essential feature of Freudian psychoanalytic theory, and particularly object relations theory. The second is the anxiety caused to men by the presence of the female, both as the unknowable female body and as the feminine within the male body itself. This anxiety has been intensified by feminism. (Cook, 50) To this end there have been expected â€Å"scripts† written for both male and female roles in society. These are expected, subtly, to be played out. Deviation from these scripts can prove damaging to one’s image. An example script for girls is to please their boyfriends but not to show any signs of their own sexual desire; the punishment for straying from the script is earning a negative reputation, that is, being branded a slut. (Striepe and Tolman, 524) Likewise an example script for boys is that they should always try to have sex, fueled by the anticipation of an uncontrollable surge of testosterone, and that becoming a man means having sex with girls. (Striepe and Tolman, 524) In both cases these scripts are written with a complete male perspective with the female role witnessed with the male gaze. Marriage and Masculinity Throughout history men and women in love felt driven toward a complete and shared understanding, they set an extremely high value on candor. Candor was something that connected two people who inhabited separate sphere. It moved lovers past the stereotypes of the opposite sex and confronted them with the real people obscured by the larger images. (Rotundo, 111) Again historically by marrying, a woman lost her name, her home and in most cases, the control of her property. She surrendered her social identity and put in its place a new one; essentially, that of her husband. Much of who she was became submerged in who her husband was. (Rotundo, 134) Today men and women can chose to embrace or repel this philosophy. Modern relationships should be built on flexibility and mutual respect; not solely on cultural expectations. It’s often said that both men and women â€Å"let themselves go† after marriage. This context-specific quote can mean letting their standards down—meaning losing quality metrics, or letting their bodies go—meaning not taking care of themselves physically, mentally or spiritually. This settling down may be marked by a change in the nature of one’s embodiment. The normal everyday body may increasingly be perceived as a functional, indeterminate shape body rather than as a physical, defined shape body. (Watson, 90) Raising Children and Family Life For many men becoming a father is one of the most rewarding and most challenging parts of a man’s life. The role of father begins not at birth, but rather long before that during the relationship-building phase of the family. A father’s treatment of the opposite sex, his ability to control his own emotions, and his approach to work all play a formative role in shaping his sons’ and daughters’ approach to romantic relationships and marriage, interpersonal relationships, and school and work (Rosenberg, 23) When a boy has a loving relationship with a masculine, competent and nurturing father he develops the masculine characteristics of his father and insofar as the father is representative of his culture the boy develops the behavior and attitudes appropriate for a male. (Steinberg, 75) Some recall seeing very little of their own father because of work shift patterns or longer working days. A reaction to this is to want to spend more time with their children. Evenings and weekends become time for their relationship with the children. (Watson, 91) Fathers need to take an active role in nurturing their children. Many fathers mistakenly see this as mother’s work. It is a valuable way men teach their children that they are loved and respected, and it helps ensure that children, especially boys, do not feel the necessity to act out to get their father’s attention. Helping a toddler brush her teeth, reading a son a nightly story (even a father with limited reading) ability can still enjoy books with his child—together, they can look at the pictures and make up a story), and bottle-feeding a hungry infant all help foster a healthy, strong tie between father and child. (Rosenberg, 40) A child’s first few years are crucial. The grandfather must tell the grandson what the child said while still a fetus in his mother’s womb. Then, he must gradually help him build a connection with his father, who will help him with the hard challenges up ahead. Walker, 81) Fathers should acknowledge their mistakes to their children. When appropriate, they should be willing to seek forgiveness from their children. A father who loses his temper while disciplining a child should apologize to the child. Many men view apologizing to their child as a sign of weakness that will cause the child to lose respect for the father. The opposite is true. Apolo gizing shows a man is capable of acknowledging and facing up to a mistake, fixing the mistake to the extent possible, and committing to moving forward—hardly a sign of weakness, much more so a sign of strength (Rosenberg, 23) Boys need structure, they need supervision, and they need to be civilized. When raised in a laissez-faire environment that is devoid of leadership, they often begin to challenge social conventions and common sense. Many often crash and burn during the adolescent years. (Dobson, 230) Children who are deprived of masculine paternal presence are more likely to become defensive and rigidly adhere to cultural role standard or to avoid the behavior expected of their gender. (Steinberg, 73) Your attitude as a parent will shape the future behavior of your boy. If he sees you acting like a spoiled kid, yelling at the umpire or referee, taunting other players, and throwing tantrums when things go wrong, your son will behave just as badly. (Dobson, 149) When a child grows into an adolescent, he or she must be initiated into adulthood. A person who doesn’t get initiated will remain an adolescent for the rest of their life, and this is a frightening, dangerous and unnatural situation. (Walker, 84) Boys watch their dads intently, noting every minor detail of behavior and values. It is probably true in your home too. Your sons will imitate much of what you do. If you blow up regularly and insult your wife, your boys will treat their mother and other females disrespectfully. (Dobson, 69) Conclusion Based on the various factors I’ve mentioned throughout this writing you may have found both familiar and new factors which have helped shape modern US masculinity. Hopefully you have a better understanding of some of the historical context as well as some context behind masculine gender theories. Throughout this writings I’ve subtly left out portions of text which provide absolute definition and allowed a frameless framework to emerge. This allows me to portray definition without specific parameters. In addition to this you have read about some of the various intersectionalities of man: race, age, power struggle, job, relationships, marriage, and children. Clearly this is not meant to be an exhaustive list, yet it does include many highlights from my own life. Even with that knowledge in hand it was necessary to continuously mention hegemonic masculinity since it gets so little attention in modern media (sort of ironic, right? ). The other key element I felt compelled to include was marginalization of several classes (other races, aged individuals and especially women). I wanted to bring special attention to the meaning and practice of hegemony and marginalization purely for awareness. Both impact all of us either through personal experience, through family, work or education. With this knowledge I hope others will make educated choices on your future interactions with all people. How to cite A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity, Papers

The Aftermath of the Spanish-American War free essay sample

In order to accurately respond to the question feather or not the American forces in the Philippines after the Spanish-American war and during the Philippine-American war were in fact brutal, we must first look at why the wars started in the first place. The Philippine-American war was sparked from the Spanish-American war. Spain owned the Philippines at the time and the American government wanted to take down the Spanish from all sides and the Filipino government was all too eager to help them. They wanted their independence, so at first there were factions of the military who fought alongside the United States to drive the Spanish out.However the U. S. Got greedy after a swift victory and the prospect of gaining new territory was all too enticing to pass up. So, the U. S. Turned on its promise to the Filipino government to help them establish their independence and tried to take over for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on The Aftermath of the Spanish-American War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However the Filipino government was not so easily cooperative and they felt betrayed-?and rightfully so-? by the United States and they felt that they had to make a run for their independence now since they were already in the midst of war. One of the leaders of the Philippine war was Emilio Continual. He led the Filipino revolutionists to victory against he Spanish army. However, unbeknownst to the Filipinos, American forces had secretly signed an agreement with Governor-General Vermin Jadedness of the Spanish army. They agreed that the city of Manila, was to only be surrendered to the American forces under the false pretenses of a mock battle and that no Filipinos would be allowed to enter the city. Spain was burnt by their defeat and saw that the only way to have some sort of victory was to not let the Filipinos have independence by secretly helping the Americans-?blinded by their own greed for expansion-? to become the ruling force in the Philippines. ) As a result, the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1 898 Treaty of Paris, and the American forces took hold of what was considered to be the strongest military position in the Philippines and on January 1, 1899, Continual was declared President. (2) Feeling unrest at their betrayal, Continual felt that it was his responsibility to give his people the freedom and i ndependence that they had been fighting for and so, he declared war on the United States on June 2, 1899.The war itself continued for 3 years until 1902, and the casualties amounted to 4,196 American soldiers dead, and 2,930 were wounded. Small numbers compared to the 34,000 Filipino soldiers who had died during battle and approximately 200,000 civilians who are thought to have died as either casualties of the war or from the cholera epidemic that broke out in the last legs Of the war and the years following. (3) Much of the brutality of the American soldiers towards the Filipinos is probably largely attributed to the fact that America had much more advance technology, weapons, and means of communication.They had been an established country for over 1 00 years where as the Philippines were just starting out on their own. However, that is not to say that there was no actual brutality and unnecessary force exercised on the Filipino people. Or vice versa. In 1 900 Continual switched his war strategy from conventional to guerrilla warfare. As a result, the Philippine Army began staging bloody ambushes and raids against the American occupants. Unfortunately this only angered Americans and led them to become even more ruthless than before. There are accounts of poor treatment of prisoners of war, and the pillaging of small civilian countryside towns, in which all of the buildings, livestock and farmland were burned so as to destroy any means by which the Filipino rimes could gain supplies or an advantage, torture of prisoners for information and the movement of civilians into what they called protected zones, which in all actuality were concentration camps, and the routine shooting surrendering Filipino soldiers. 4) The African-American populations in the United States were sentimental to the Filipinos plight. This is mostly because, while the Filipinos Were being conquered by an advanced America, they were treated terribly, as inhuman, and not worthy of their own independence. Surely the African-American population could relate to this light with their newly gained independence. African-Americans had just won the fight to abolish slavery and become equal citizens, but were still looked upon as unworthy and as differen t.They were one in the same, briefly shown their freedom only to have it be taken away from under them. Yes the Filipinos plight is very different from that of the African-Americans, however the underlying feelings of betrayal and contempt for the IIS government were most likely still a large factor in their views. Americans often saw others as being inferior, and that only with American help could they truly achieve what hey were trying to.

A report on tourisim destination marketing in Ballarat

A report on tourisim destination marketing in Ballarat Executive summary Ballarat is a region in Australia that has got a myriad of attractions ranging from the scenic views to the enchanting boutiques and galleries that it has. These features are tourist attractions to both the local and foreign tourists. Domestic visitors form the bulk of visitors who toured Ballart in the year 2009/2010. Foreign tourists on the other hand are the ones who spent the most money while on tour in Ballarat.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on A report on tourisim destination marketing in Ballarat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The tourism industry in Ballarat aided in the development of various tourism related businesses. According to statistics of 2009/2010 regarding Ballarat’s tourism industry, more than 2100 tourism related businesses were in operation. These businesses ended up creating more employment opportunities for the local residents and boosted the economy of the region as a result (Ekonde, 2011). In spite of the fact that the industry has grown over time, operations are underway in search of better practices that need to be adopted by various stakeholders in the industry to enhance their competitiveness and enable them to compete with other world class tourist destinations. The importance of marketing in the tourism industry cannot be overemphasized if one wants to remain relevant in the industry. Stakeholders in Ballarat’s tourism industry are no exception. They need to come up with marketing strategies that are effective, relevant and are line in with times. Introduction Ballarat is Victoria’s largest historic inland city situated 110 kilometers west of Melbourne. It has some of the best Victoria’s hidden tourism treasures. They include wide open spaces with a panoramic view, exquisite galleries that are enchanting and vintage boutiques that are pristine and elegant (Flanagan, 2000). The city also has engaging and exciting eve nts throughout the year that tourists can sample and enjoy. The region is rich in Australian history that tourists can immerse themselves in not to mention one of the most unique and exciting shopping experiences in the numerous shopping complexes and boutiques. The purpose of this report is to analyze the visitor situation in Ballarat and coming up with relevant, efficient and effective promotional activities that are going to portray the region as the ideal tourist destination for both the local and foreign tourists.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development of effective marketing materials and marketing strategies is crucial for tourism activity in Ballarat to be more vibrant. Ballarat should consider incorporating promotional activities such as generic brochures, placing advertisements in local newspapers, informing the local residents about the passpo rt campaign, media releases and blog campaigns. These are some of the promotional activities that stakeholders within the Ballarat tourism industry should consider adopting in an effort of shoring up activity within their industry (Pike, 2004). The visitor situation in Ballarat According to the regional tourism profile of Ballarat, approximately $284 million dollars was spent by visitors in the region. 47% of this amount was spent by domestic visitors who spent the night in Ballarat. It is reported that a total of 1.9 million visitors toured the region of Ballarat, 75% of these visitors were domestic who had visited the region during the day. 1.1 million Nights were spent in Ballarat. Of these nights, 83% were domestic visitors who spent the night in Ballarat. In the month of June, there were approximately more than 2100 tourism related businesses in the region of Ballarat. 48% of these businesses were non- employing. 45% of these businesses were made up of micro or small businesses . The tables below give a summary of the expenditure by of tourists who visited Ballarat region and related business activities (Pike, 2008). Ballarat region summary 2009/2010 Advertising We will write a custom report sample on A report on tourisim destination marketing in Ballarat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tourism businesses 2009/10 Employing businesses Non-employing businesses Total businesses Micro Small Medium Large Total employing (includes (1-4 employees) (5-19 employees) (20-199 employees) (200+ employees) owner/manager) Tourism Characteristic Industries 105 93 39 0 237 228 465 Tourism Connected Industries 498 270 129 0 897 804 1,701 Total Tourism Characteristic and Connected Industries 603 363 168 0 1,134 1,032 2,166 Analysis of Data on Ballarat’s visitor situation From the data above, it is apparent that residents of Australia form the bulk of visitors who visit Ballarat. Such a phenomenon is co mmendable since it implies that Ballarat’s tourism industry is largely self sufficient in that it does not depend on foreigners to thrive. The industry does not experience high or low seasons since the influx of tourists to the region are regular. As a result, employment opportunities that arise out of these tourist activities are available throughout the year. This means that the economy of the region is stable all year round (Kozak, et al. 2009). It is important for stakeholder in Ballarat’s tourism industry to promote Ballarat as an ideal tourist destination for foreigners. They should aggressively market Ballarat as an ideal tourist destination in foreign markets in an attempt of increasing the number of foreign tourists visiting Ballarat. This will go along way towards improving the economy of the region by providing additional employment to the local residents over and above that which the domestic tourists have helped to establish. This can be achieved by incorp orating additional exciting events to the regional tourism calendar. Activities that are interesting and enjoyable will definitely appeal to a wider audience both the local and foreign tourists. This will shore up the number of tourists who visit Ballarat (Wang, 2011). Ballarat’s marketing strategy Stakeholders in Ballarat’s tourism industry need to develop marketing materials that will showcase Ballarat as an ideal tourist destination with the intention of giving potential visitors a reason to visit the region.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are some destination specific factors that stakeholders should consider when coming with the marketing materials. One needs to consider whether the visitor has been to the destination before or not. The cost of living of living at the destination as well as prices of the tourism packages should be in the back of the minds of those charged with the responsibility of developing Ballarat’s marketing materials. The facilities at the destination, cost of transportation, time taken to travel, and the quality of services and political stability of the destination are key in the process of developing effective marketing materials (Lubbe, 2003). Information that has been collected about the visitor situation in Ballarat points to the fact that the majority of visitors who tour Ballarat are local residents. 75% of the 1.9 million visitors who toured Ballarat region during the day were domestic visitors and 83% of the 1.1 million visitors who spent the night in Ballarat were also domestic visitors. On the other hand, although foreign visitors are not as many as domestic visitors, they spent more money while touring the region than domestic visitors-53% of $284 million spent in Ballarat in 2009/2010. Therefore, Ballarat regional tourism should tailor their promotions in a way that it will give the domestic tourists a reason to spend more money when touring the region. The promotions should also showcase Ballarat region as an ideal tourist destination that will appeal to a larger audience of foreign tourists (Garrod, 2005). It is a fact that foreign tourists spend a lot more than domestic tourists who visit Ballarat. Stakeholders of Ballarat’s tourism industry should find out what exactly is the reason that makes foreign tourists to spend more and enhance it to increase the amount of money they spend while visiting the region. Tourism related businesses in Ballarat have gradually gone up over the years. It is reported that in the year 2009/2010 there we re more than 2100 tourism related businesses in Ballarat. 48% of these businesses were non-employing while 45% of these consisted of micro and small businesses. The Ballarat regional tourism should look for ways that will ensure that tourism related businesses participate fully in the tourist activities within the region. All tourism related business should be made to understand the importance adopting certain business practices that will alter their individual businesses and that of the region for the better. They should be impressed upon the importance developing competitive products, providing quality service, offering discounts on the products and services on sale and pricing their products and services fairly (Van der Veen, 2003). The measures mentioned above are just some of the few that would change the fortunes of tourism related businesses in Ballarat and the economy of the entire region if they are implemented. All the tourism related businesses should be given incentives by the local authorities in effort of encouraging them to keep running their businesses. Incentives such as tax breaks, creating an environment that is conducive for running a business and reducing the cost of running any tourism related industry in the region will go a long way towards ensuring that businesses actively participate in the tourism industry. All tourism related businesses should consider joint marketing when they want to promote their goods and services. The merits that come with this are that it is cost effective owing to the economies of scale. It is also bound to reach a much wider audience because it markets all the businesses as a whole. The businesses should have attractive packages complete with discounts that will serve to attract more customers. Stakeholders in Ballarat’s tourism industry are supposed to come up with various ways of that will effectively market Ballarat as an ideal tourist destination both at home and abroad. There are a variety of pro motional strategies and these strategies have to reach the target market. Small brochures and flyers are simple yet effective in getting the message to the intended domestic audience. These are easily distributed to the local residents and are not costly to produce (Scott, 2009). Placing of advertisements about a campaign in the local newspaper is another effective way of reaching a wider audience. This may cost more than other forms of advertising but the end results justify the relatively high costs. Media releases are much more sophisticated in terms of promoting a campaign like the passport campaign in an effort of attracting more visitors to Ballarat. Media releases will cost a lot more than other forms of advertising but they reach an equally wider audience compared to other forms of advertising. One is sure of reaching a wider audience if his mode of advertisement of choice is through media release. Media releases include placing advertisements about the campaign in either th e radio or the television. Technological advances and the advent of the internet have brought with them new ways of communication as well as advertisement. Nowadays, online advertising is all the rage by virtue of the fact that it is capable of reaching a much wider audience comparative to other forms of advertising. Online advertising can be placed on websites or blogs. Any visionary organization or institution uses online advertising together with other forms of advertising to popularize its products and services. Stakeholders of Ballarat’s tourism industry should also consider online advertising to popularize their campaign strategy. This is more so because of the nature of the industry they are in. Online advertising is very suitable for any tourism related business. This is because apart from reaching a wider audience, both local and foreign, it is cost effective and saves on time and workload. Ballarat’s tourism industry has no option but to go for online adverti sing if they are to remain competitive in their industry. Recommendation Ballarat is region that is historically rich. There are numerous unique features about the place and if it is marketed aggressively, tourists will flock the region in droves. There are a number of measures if adopted by the various stake holders in the region’s tourism industry, the tourism industry of the region will thrive. Stakeholders have to first of all identify the relevant target market both at home and abroad. Target market refers to the visitors who are highly likely to visit Ballarat by virtue of the features that appeal to them. The second step is creating a comprehensive perceived tourist image of Ballarat. The various different aspects about Ballarat that will make the region more appealing to visitors include natural resources. Under natural resources one should give a detailed description of the scenery, the variety and uniqueness of the flora and fauna. The general infrastructure of the place should also be described. The state of roads, airports and the general system of transport should be outlined. Tourist infrastructure such as hotels and restaurants should also be given. Aspects of cultural history and art such museums and historical buildings should be included as well. What follows thereafter is the development of a creative, relevant and effective promotional strategy for both the domestic and foreign visitors who had been previously identified as the target market. The different promotional strategies that they would have come up with are in turn advertised in the various media. The regions tourism stakeholders should team up with all the tourism related businesses in the region and market their products and services along with the region to achieve the desired maximum effect on the prospective visitors. Interesting and exciting packages offered by the various stakeholders will tremendously boost the influx of tourists in the region of Ballarat. Conclusion Ballarat’s tourism has come a long way. Every sector in the industry has experienced growth. This is as a result of increased flow of tourists into Ballarat. Tourism related businesses have also increased as a result creating employment to the local residents of Ballarat hence boosting its economy. There is a lot more though that can be done to grow the industry to higher levels. Integration of modern technology in all aspects of the business will do a great deal in terms of taking the industry to the next level. Using the internet to market the region the world over will give the industry a competitive edge. In summary, the industry should develop unique selling points that highlight key factors that are appealing to the visitors. This will ensure that the industry continues to grow from strength to strength. References Ekonde, C. (2011). Tourism Destination Marketing. Oxford: VDM Verlag. Flanagan, S. (2000). Tourism destination marketing: gaining the competitive edge. Dubl in:Tourism Research Centre. Garrod, B. (2005). Tourism marketing: a collaborative approach. London, UK: Channel View Publications. Kozak, M., et al. (2009). Advances in Tourism Destination Marketing: Managing Networks. New York, NY: Routledge. Lubbe, B., (2003). Tourism management in Southern Africa. Durban: Pearson South Africa. Pike, S. (2004). Destination marketing organizations. Duisburg: Elsevier. Pike, S. (2008) Destination marketing: an integrated marketing communication approach. New York, NY: Butterworth-Heinemann. Scott, D. (2009). The New Rules of Marketing and PR: How to Use Social Media, Blogs, News Releases, Online Video, and Viral Marketing to Reach Buyers Directly. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons Van der Veen, R. (2003). Tourism Destination Marketing: Destination Europe. Breda, Netherlands: NHTV internationale hogeschool Breda Wang, Y. (2011) Destination Marketing and Management: Theories and Applications. Berkshire, United Kingdom: CABI.

Writing College Essay

Writing College Essay Writing College Essay The tutor may offer you several essay topics. Once the topic is chosen - you are ready for college essay writing.Prior towriting college essay, read the following helpful information. The first or introductory paragraph fulfills several functions: the initial sentence or sentences should lead the reader to the English essay topic by moving from more general statements on the overall subject matter to the actual focus of your college essay. A feasible strategy is to depart from what is commonly known to the reader and then highlight the new and particular aspects which the college essay will contribute to the current of research in the field. These original contributions are pointed out in the so-called thesis statement, which should be part of the introductory paragraph and serve as a first orientation on content, methodology, and structure of your college essay: Writing College Essay Tips One part of the thesis statement has to define the specific focus of the academic essay. It is crucial to narrow down the essay topic in a sensible and practicable way. Good English college essays are characterized by a clearly and convincingly focused topic. Furthermore, the introductory paragraph gives an idea of what aspects of the topic are presented and in what order. This "road map" makes the structure of college essay transparent and comprehensible from the very beginning and, thereby, provides the reader with a basic sense of orientation. Naturally, these individual parts of the thesis statement cannot always be presented separately, since they are often intricately inter-woven with each other. For example, the methodology may already be suggested by the English essay topic, while the road map and the theoretical approach might be interconnected. Therefore, it is be advisable to combine topic and approach, or methodology and road map. The choice of writing strategy is shaped by the individual essay writing skills and preferences. However, it is essential for all three aspects to be clearly stated. College Essay Help College essay writing is a complex work. It requires assiduity and attentiveness. You have to spend a lot of time in the college library looking for information.Sometimes ordering college essay online may help student to avoid the rush. gives you the chance to enjoy other activities while the college essay is written for you by professional writer. You are welcome to request unlimited number of revisions and claim free plagiarism report. In addition, our blog with numerous tips on writing essays is absolutely free! You will find a lot of pages on term paper, coursework, dissertation,and other types of academic writing. Popular posts: Thesis Writing Tips Cold War History Essay English Essay Writing Good Essay Topics World Hunger Essay

Enviroment science lab5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enviroment science lab5 - Essay Example Invasion of zebra and quagga mussels into fresh water is catastrophic impact to the ecosystem in which they are brought. This is so because they clog water intake structures which increase the cost of maintenance of water treatment and power plants. A zebra and quagga mussel also causes lakeshore problems to the recreationists and residents. They multiply at a faster rate and this leads to a decrease in phytoplankton. This is so because they filter phytoplankton from the surrounding water which increases the clarity of water. Lake trout will increase since they will have sufficient food that is zooplankton and zebra mussels. On the other hand, foraging fish will also increase since they have enough food to keep them alive. This explains why phytoplankton decreases tremendously and this will cause imbalance to the ecosystem. This filtration process may also contribute to the explosive growth of harmful blooms and ecosystem may lead to disappearance of some unique

BECOMING AN AUDIOLOGIST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BECOMING AN AUDIOLOGIST - Essay Example To work as an audiologist will require that the person be licensed. All states require a minimum of a masters degree to gain registration in that state. In Alabama, there have been some recent modifications to the requirements. Currently the state requires a doctoral degree and some form of supervised clinical experience. After attaining these credentials the person is allowed to take the state approval examination. Before 2007, the state required a masters degree, but the enhanced requirements only affect those just entering the field. This is typical of the other states where they have selectively raised the academic requirements. Currently there are 12,000 professionals that work nationally as audiologists. This number is expected to increase to 13,000 by the year 2016. This adds about 100 new professionals per year. This is about the average of all occupations, but the chances of working in the field are increased when the person has a doctoral degree. Many states require continuing education for re-licensing, and Alabama maintains that requirement for audiology assistants. The median income for an audiologist is about sixty thousand dollars per year. The income is tightly grouped with few audiologists making more than ninety thousand or less than forty thousand dollars per year. The field of audiology has ma