Does Religion Foster Democracy - 1383 Words

Does religion foster democracy? This question has plagued many political scientists for decades. Carsten Ancker examines the theories of Samuel P. Huntington in her work â€Å"Religion and Democracy: A Worldwide Comparison.† In 1991, Huntington hypothesized that religion led to the institutionalization of democracy, especially Christianity. Huntington referenced the rise of democracies in the 70’s that were related to the spread of religion as well as earlier, when Protestantism was popular. In his book, he refers to these democratic booms as â€Å"waves†. The third wave began in Portugal in 1974, when the Estado Novo regime collapsed. The topic of religion’s role in politics is incredibly important in a society with changing religious and moral ideals. America’s moral standards have changed to reflect a more self-centered generation where the deities are more materialistic and less spiritual. As religious ideals seem to fall by the wayside, it sta nds to reason that we should question what happens next. For the past three â€Å"waves†, democracy seems to be founded on religion and the belief in a higher power. What will the next wave bring? We may be better equipped to answer this question if we first examine the true impact that religion has on governments. If we look back at the past, it seems obvious that religion plays a role in the formation of governments. The rulers of Europe were said to be ordained by God. The Catholic church played a massive role in determining the fates of theShow MoreRelatedThe Asian Value Debate686 Words   |  3 Pages Asian Values predicated on the idea that Asian countries have a unique set of institutions and political ideologies that reflect the regions cultures and histories. Although Asia consists of diverse ethnicity and cultures who practice various religions, the core basis of most Asian cultures are similar such as the importance of collectivism and consensus. Asia as a whole lacked a regional institutional mechanism, and because of this ‘Asian Values’ has been interpreted differently by different ethnicRead MorePolitical Conflicts And The Age Of Globalization Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamentals is rather a characteristic of deeply-divided, non-democratic societies than cons olidated democracies. In these circumstances, a different sort of compromise - that is much more difficult to attain - will be necessary to accommodate the various claims, values and ideals at stake that are inherent to ideological and identity schisms. Thorough, perilous and painstaking negotiation is needed to both foster the enlarged perspective likely to make the need for compromise apparent, and to encourage theRead MoreSummary of Primacy of Culture by Francis Fukuyama Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesFuture Ââ€" Francis Fukuyama argues that for any new ideology or political trend to emerge that rival those of liberal democracy, it requires the precursor of developments at the level of civic society and culture. Accordingly, he sees the only civic society, and culture that seems poised to do so is Asia. Fukuyama bases his judgment on the claim that for the consolidation of democracy, there must exist four levels of change: On the first level is Ideology, followed by Institutions, then Civil SocietyRead MoreWhat are the key features and limitations of a liberal democratic state?1600 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy is a frequently used word but its meaning is rarely fully understood. A democratic political system is one in which the ultimate political authority is vested in the people. The word democracy comes from the Greek words demos which means the people and kratos which means authority. Democracy first flourished in the ancient polis of Athens, where huge gatherings were held in order t o vote on certain issues. Liberalism is a political view that seeks to change the political, economicRead MorePolitical Philosophy Of Liberalism1098 Words   |  5 PagesLiberalism is a political viewpoint that is established on the thoughts of liberty and equality. Thus, liberalists promote various ideas that are aligned to the concepts of liberty and equality such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, gender equality, and civil rights. In general, it can be argued that the philosophy of liberalism is focused on protecting and promoting the freedom of the people (Celikates and Jansen). As such, it presents the people as the central issue of politics. In factRead MoreEssay about Summary of Primacy of Culture by Francis Fukuyama1443 Words   |  6 PagesFuture – Francis Fukuyama argues that for any new ideology or political trend to emerge that rival those of liberal democracy, it requires the precursor of developments at the level of civic society and culture. Accordingly, he sees the only civic society, and culture that seems poised to do so is Asia. Fukuyama bases his judgment on the claim that for the consolidation of democracy, there must exist four levels of change: On the first level is Ideology, followed by Institutions, then Civil SocietyRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Imperialism in Nigeria (its possible to go into more detail, but my pages were limited to this many)1570 Words   |  7 Pagessouth. From the start of the European penetration, the missionaries who set out to convert the heathens of Africa were mostly concerned with the Niger Delta. Due to the “limited number of missionaries who spread themselves thinly”, the impact of the religion with the most followers in the world stopped short of the northernmost reache s of Nigeria. The Nigerians of the north, the Hausa-Fulani, did not have as much contact with the British as the Yoruba and Igbo did. “Change was to occur, but gradually;Read More Does Democracy Work for the Entire World? Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesDoes Democracy Work for the Entire World? Immanuel Kant—the father of Liberal Internationalism—envisioned a world not torn by hostilities and fraught with the horrors of war. Instead he aspired to a higher level of existence— an existence to be obtained through democracy and free market capitalism, to be regulated by a hierarchy, to maintain sovereignty. Kant’s vision of a league of peace—a treaty to end all wars forever, so to speak—has yet to be accomplished. These hopes for a perpetual peaceRead MoreThe Rhetoric Of Hitler s Battle By Kenneth Burke1475 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence the relations of the public to an enterprise, idea or group.† Manipulation is a quintessential quality in modern democracy—allowing the â€Å"executive arm of the invisible government† to control the public. For example, Hitler united a mass of people by reworking current movements and providing them with a sole leader and ideology—often using Nazi propaganda to foster a sen se of community. Similarly, Bernays asserts that propaganda is often distributed by a select leader or utilized by theRead MoreTense Present Democracy, English, And The Wars Over Usage1043 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of â€Å"Tense Present Democracy, English, and the Wars over Usage† Published in April of 2001 by Harper’s Magazine, David Foster Wallace’s essay is both a review of A Dictionary of Modern Usage by Bryan A. 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Sociology and Material Culture Free Essays

Haley Schweitzer Sociology 1010 Term Paper Sociology and Oops My Mistake Sociology is defined as, the study of people doing things together or more specifically, â€Å"the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). This paper will examine the discourse of structure in sociology, the sociology of culture, and the deviance and sanctions in sociology. After discussing these topics, I will illustrate my act of norm breaking and how it ties in with these three areas of sociology. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Material Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The structure of sociology can be identified as, the relationship of definite entities or groups to each other, enduring patterns of behavior by participants in a social system in relation to each other, and institutionalized norms or cognitive frameworks that structure the actions of actors in the social system. Basically saying within the structure are groups, statuses, roles, and institutions. In sociology, a group refers to two or more people who interact on a basis of shared qualities and experiences. A status refers to a specific position within a group, for example, a manager, employee, or a grandma. Within statuses there are two subgroups, ascribed status and achieved status. An ascribed status is one that is unalterable, such as a grandma. An achieved status is one that is obtainable, such as a manager. A role is an expected behavior within a status. For example, while an employee states the position of that role, the employee’s guidelines determine what behavior is appropriate for his/her role. This is the same concept for a status and a role. An institution is complex social structures that meet basic human needs. There are five main institutions: family, economy, education, politics, and religion. The sociology of culture consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society’s shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture is constructed from three components which are norms, values, and material culture. Norms are â€Å"rules† within a culture that specify how people should conduct themselves every day.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration. For example, one norm that may vary among different cultures is oculesics (eye behavior). Americans, for instance, maintain fairly direct eye contact when conversing with others. Asians, on the other hand, may avert their eyes as a sign of politeness and respect. A culture’s values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. For example, a European that came to where I work said there was a saying in his country that Europeans worked to live, while Americans lived to work. So the values are different in America than they are in Europe. Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, schools, churches and so forth. All of these physical aspects of a culture help to define its members’ behaviors and perceptions. For example, technology is a vital aspect of material culture in the United States today. American students must learn to use computers to survive in college and business, in contrast to young adults in the Yanomamo society in the Amazon who must learn to build weapons and hunt to survive. Deviance is any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society. Deviance can be criminal or non-criminal. Today, Americans consider such activities as alcoholism, excessive gambling, being nude in public places, stealing, lying, refusing to bathe—to name only a few—as deviant. Sanctions are socially constructed expressions of approval or disapproval. Sanctions can be positive or negative. A positive sanction rewards someone for following a norm and serves to encourage the continuance of a certain type of behavior. For instance, when parents reward a child with money for earning good grades, they are positively sanctioning that child’s behavior. A negative sanction is a way of communicating that a society, or some group in that society, does not approve of a particular behavior. For instance, imprisoning a criminal for breaking the law, and taking away a teenager’s television privileges for breaking curfew are all negative sanctions. The arena I chose for my norm breaking was my downstairs TV room with group of friends some of which I wasn’t well acquainted with. The statuses consisted of many friends with a few friends of friends. The roles to be played in the group were well mannered and somewhat proper of being at someone’s house that you don’t know very well. The expected roles of my close friends and I were to behave politely and welcoming. Most of my friends are well behaved but also a lot of fun to be around. I have a very diverse group of friends with all different kinds of beliefs. Now since new people I hadn’t met before were coming along I made the room all nice, clean and well organized. I didn’t want people to come and see my house for the first time and not want to come back. I bought some different snacks and drinks for everyone to enjoy during the movie and hopefully make them feel more comfortable and at home. We all gathered on a typical Friday night to watch a movie at my house. One of my closer friends hasn’t had much experience with girls but recently I was able to hook him up with a kind of friend of mine so I invited them along to join us. When he and his girlfriend got to the house me and her started some small talk and she said he was lacking in the first kiss department. I told her he was probably just nervous but that I would get to the bottom of it. I thought about it since I had yet to do the whole norm breaking thing and decided this would be the easiest and most comfortable thing I would be able to do. I mean I had my close friends there but I also had some strangers that were most likely still trying to figure all the new people out. When the movie started I sat near the couple and observed both of their movements to decide whether or not to do it. The movie ended, I got up and turned the lights on and just as I predicted there she was sending millions of hints his way that he had to be seeing the whole time but still nothing. Well it was now or never I walked right up to her grabbed her face a planted one on her, I looked at her face bright red and utterly confused then looked at Blake and said, â€Å"Oh she was hinting at you†¦ sorry, my mistake,† and I walked out of the awkward, silent room for a minute to get myself together. I walked back to a rather confused room with very weird looks from everyone. There was silence for a couple of minutes then I explained to all of them why I did what I did. This resulted in a lot of laughter and uncontrollable crying. But still some judging looks. My negative sanctions were the strange looks from all the new people I had just met as well as the very embarrassed and angry look from Blake. Also that the new people that had come that had come that night would not return and when I would see them around town I was avoided and looked at as a â€Å"freak. † In conclusion, I was able to examine the sanctions of deviant behavior from a personal standpoint and the effects it may have when people decide to break norms in a situation after learning the structure of sociology as well as the rules of deviance and sanctions. How to cite Sociology and Material Culture, Papers

Software Project Management Plan Bank of South Australia ATM Software

Question: Describe about the Bank of South Australia ATM Software Project? Answer: Executive Summary The project is concerned about the SPMP of Bank of South Australia ATM Software Project for easy access of money by the customers. The project management plan includes the tools and techniques that are essential for the exact deliverable of the project. The waterfall model has been taken for the software development cycle that helps in software project management plan of the given project. The Project managers of this project used Microsoft front page for writing and documenting the files that are stored with the esteemed description of ATM software. The budgeting and other financial constraints and requirements are also well discussed for the successful completion of the project. 1.0 Introduction A software project is a sum total procedure of developing software starting from the blueprint of the idea to testing, maintain and executing the project in a specified time period. Deeprose (2002) commented on the fact that for building and execution of successful software, it is necessary to take into account the environmental and business constrains and limitations that may bring risk to the development of the software. In addition to this, Lock (2004) had a view that the factors that need to be considered sat the time of developing a software project are the time, cost and quality. The report will be dealing with the software project of The Bank of South Australia regarding the introduction of ATM system for the easy availability of money to the customers. The Bank of South Australia is one of the largest financial organizations in South Australia having its headquarters in Adelaide. It is concerned with the products such as personal banking, insurance and business banking. This report will be dealing with the purpose, scope and overview of the contents in this document (Banksa.com.au, 2015). 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this project is to analyze and discuss the nee and requirements of implementation, maintenance and designing of the software for the ATM of the bank. This project is so prepared that will help in understanding the requirement of the ATM system to the customers of the bank as well as the requirements that are essential for setting the system (Peslak, 2012). This research will be also helpful to know about the needful of the bank that are essential for setting up the ATM system successfully within the organization. 1.2 Scope In todays world, the usage of ATM is very essential for all the people so in order to facilitate the customers with easy access of money, it is essential (Meng and Gallagher, 2012). This project has a quiet huge scope as it facilitates the users in accessing the money easily whenever and wherever it is required. 1.3 Overview of contents of documenting The project is so prepared keeping in mind the overview of the project keeping in mind the project deliverable and project summary. The project organization is also discussed that includes the project responsibilities and the process models. The project management and control takes into account the way of managing the project and way to formulate the project for the maximum utilization of the ATM to the users (Meng, 2012). In addition to this, the technical process is also discussed keeping in mind the methods, techniques and tools used for this project. Moreover, the activities, budgeting and scheduling of the job also need to keep in mind. 2.0 Project Overview 2.1 Project Summary The vendor of the project Bank of South Australia ATM Software Project is Terasoft. The project is so made that aims in provide g help to the customers of the bank. Each of the phases of the project are constructed, reviewed as well as approved by the sponsor of the project. Kodukula (2014) commented on the fact that the project has to be made in such a way that it will help the customers in the way that it is intended to do so. The purpose of the project is to coordinate the constraints and expectations of both the parties that is between the bank and the sponsor. The aim of this project is to capture the internal processes that are required for accomplishing the goals. Petit, (2012) had a view that this project includes initially the blueprint of the project that is essential for the flow of the project. The project must be such that it has to be familiar with the surroundings and environment of the places where the project will be useful. 2.2 Project Deliverables The deliverables are generally the output of the project that can be assessed meaningfully. The deliverables are the project indicators that show both the clients and vendors the progress of the project. According to Randolph (2012) for the successful completion of the project, there are many necessities that need to be delivered to the project manager before the project gets delivered. The different phases that are essential for the project are discussed below- Phases Deliverables Analysis of system requirement Proposing the software system Management of planning the project Planning the software project management Generation of requirements of software Specifications of the requirements of the software Designing of the software Documenting the designing of the software Implementation of the software Coding the software Testing of the system Testing the software in the real time environment to see its applicability and helpfulness. Documentation the users feedback The service maintenance manual and the user manual are essential for documentation Testing of acceptance Testing the software to see its applicability as well as suitability among the users. 2.3 Evolution of SPMP The evolution of Software Project Management Planning is a realistic project planning that is essential for successful carrying out of the project. According to Pinto (2014) it has a clear software development plan that is essential for knowing the process of development of the system. The quality assurance plan specifies the quality procedures as well as standards that is required to be used. The validation plan shows the validation of the client for whom the system is developed. In addition to this, Kodukula (2014) commented on the fact that the configuration management plan also helps in understanding how the system will be installed as well as configured. The maintenance plan depicts the procedure of maintaining the system. Moreover, Ponnappa (2014) had a view that the SPMP also contains the staff development plan that helps in describing the skills of the participants that is essential to be developed. This includes the hardware and software resources and the risk analysis that is essential for successful completion of the project. Moreover, the work breakdown, tasks, deliverables and milestones also need to be recorded for tracking down the project by both the client and vendor. 3. Project Organization 3.1 Process Model In the project of ATM software for Bank of South Australia, there are two types of processes that are used during the project such as operation and support and maintenance. However, for maintenance, Bank of South Australia does not plan for any requirements (Juricek, 2014). Moreover, the entire operation and support are undertaken by the Terasoft. In order to develop the software, a waterfall model was undertaken by the project vendor (Refer to appendix 1). This diagram helps in identifying the flow of information, products and documents within the life cycle process of ATM software development for Bank of South Australia (Lai, 2014). In order to arrange properly of the software project development, life cycle model of waterfall has been designed that helps in developing the process as well as controlling the overall process of ATM software development (Malik, 2013). Apart from that, Mishra and Mishra (2013) argued waterfall life cycle model is more effective regarding visualization of process rather than other life cycle development model. Until the process has been completed, any process cannot begin (Marchewka, 2013). The project manager of ATM software development grouped the process into a textual list in terms of simplifying the diagrams. 3.2 Organizational Structure and Interface 3.2.1 Internal structure and Interface According to the demand of Bank of South Australia, Terasoft deigned their project for ATM software (Morales and Anderson, 2013). The vendor was used strong matrix that helps organisation in allocating their resources directly to the manager of project (Refer to appendix 2). 3.2.2 External Structure and interface Bank of South Australia is best known for their specialization in outside contracts. In order to develop the ATM software for Bank of South Australia, Terasoft Software Company use strong matrix. It helps in assembling the necessary resources by the project manager that underneath during the utilization (Harris, 2014). The external structure of Bank of South Australia, showed their interest because undertaken project shown the organisational chart properly (Ceschi et al., 2005). The project was designed is such as way were manager of each department were responsible. 3.3 Project Responsibilities According to the project advisor of ATM software development for Bank of South Australia, Resource Allocation Matrix plays the major roles and responsibilities (Refer to appendix 3). 4. Project Management and Control General Project Management The methodology will be prepared so that project can be managed in most effective form. Moreover, the progress can be measured along with track of schedule for accomplishment of project. Keeping the plan current If there is any requirement to make any necessary alteration in the management plan or any other important file then a change request has to be sending to the senior management of the Bank of South Australia. On the other hand, the owner of bank has to give approval to make changes. Process of managing project The management of the bank focus on continuous communication in order to feel relax about the process of bank. The schedule manager of the bank will provide required information to the management of bank regarding the progress of ATM software project and arriving deadlines (Ceschi et al., 2005). Moreover, the project manager will be involved in allocating the task to the members to complete the task on scheduled time. Measurement of the project progress In order to examine the project progress, the project manager has to conduct meeting with the workers or groups involved in software project development (Ghapanchi and Aurum, 2012). The project scheduled will help in knowing whether the job has been completed on time or not. Tracking of schedule The schedule manager will be involved in maintaining the schedule up to date and current by recording the progress of ATM software project in every phase so that time limit of the project can be met. Methodology for software development Requirements and desire of customer will be discovered. Flexible function will be defined in order to accommodate particular needs. Use of formal communication contracts and documents to the customers. Generate feedback from the customers. Dummy of the ATM software in order to test its feasibility. Examining the system to find any error. Launching the system after necessary changes. Verification and Validation The review of Faculty Advisor Review, peer reviews, Bank owner review and lastly acceptance of project sponsor will be important for giving final verdict to the ATM software plan. After that design of the product has to be verified with the required specifications so that it can satisfy the need of the sponsors. Delivery Plan The software will be installed in the banks ATM to know the success level and before making it public. Therefore, it will be tested and verification will be sought from the authorized personnel (Lai, 2014). Thus, if all things fall in place then all the system will be integrated for final use. Table 1: Project Management Plan Project Management Objectives and Priorities The main purpose of the project is to examine the needs for designing, implementing and maintaining the software for comprising the server of central bank and ATM client machine with the Bank of South Australia ATM network. Objective Priorities Completion of project in scheduled time Accomplishment of project within allocated budget Supply of all deliverables and meet all the requirements. Meeting at every stage of software development is prime priority. Meeting will be scheduled on Thursday and Saturday regularly Online teleconferencing meeting with the project manager and other members. Assumptions, Dependencies and Constraints ASSUMPTIONS Project falls in large project component Only software component will be delivered of the larger project Initial approximation for the project is approx 40% ATM hardware is being managed as split project and will be ready for the installation point. Estimated budget shall not exceed Expertise will be consulted to help out in designing the software for ATM server/client The design of the software system will not be dependent on any other product as it can be problem while integrating the system and it can become tough to use it. The major constraints for the project are budget, time, staff and maintenance of software. Risk Management RISK SOLUTION Loss of work/data The management of the bank or project manager has to be ready with backup plan. Project Processes The project manager has to monitor the progress on continuous basis so that each process and procedure is followed while developing software Budget In order to control the growing budget, the manger has to eliminate all the unproductive or non-usable product or system. Design Difficulty To have a better software design, the manager has to involve expert to help them out. Implementation difficulty The manager has to integrate all the system one by one to remove error. Hardware Failure A new box can be set up if required Change Management The project manager may send a change request form if any change is to be made in software program to the owner of bank. On the other hand, if worker is conducting mistake again and again then the worker can be replaced with more efficient and experienced one (Lalsing, 2012). Schedule Control The project manager can apply Earned Value Management System to perform the schedule control. Moreover, the critical path can be used for having control over activities and getting result in allocated time (Rose, 2012). Moreover, supervisor can monitor the progress of the project. Issue Resolution The project manager may need to have word with each individual to know the problem and providing solution to it. Moreover, the software expert can help the workers to make necessary changes if required (Wang and Tian, 2012). 5. Technical process 5.1 Methods, tools and techniques Methods: The entire project was developed based of waterfall software development methodology. Waterfall process development methodology delivered the products of software with proper working activities (Pellerin et al., 2013). Moreover, in order to make standard of designed software, project manager of ATM software development used IEEE standard software development life cycle process. These are as follows Understand the requirement very well before development the project and implement the process according to requirement. Definition of the project was stable In order to generate success of ATM software development project, waterfall methodology was selected. Technological tools and hardware has been selected according to project requirement. The entire project was developed based on IEEE standard. Tools: Desktop foundation of team member VM ware workstation 4.5 () One VM per activate project Adobe acrobat reader 10.0 Microsoft windows 2012 workstation Windows 7 Operating system For email and calendar IBM Lotus Notes R6 Microsoft Office 2007 professional version Document Publishing Microsoft word 2007 Project management Use electronic time sheet (Best Carpe Diem), Terametric, Microsoft and Project 2007 for managing the project. Testing IBM rational Robot was used for testing. Online Performance Reporting Microsoft internet service software 8.0 and Microsoft windows server 2012 was used for online performance reporting of ATM system. Implementation Advance C programme C++ and SDK (Software Development Kit) of Microsoft was used for the implementation of designed project (Uzzafer, 2013). Techniques: In order to develop the project of ATM software for Bank of South Australia Windows Open Service Architecture and Windows NT based platform were used. Apart from that, for the financial service of AT software, eXtentions also used by the project manager. Moreover, in order to design the project and implement it properly in the service process of Bank of South Australia, Object Modelling Technique (OMT) was used that maintain the purpose of object oriented method. 5.1.1 Documents of formal project The entire documents of project were edited and controlled using Microsoft Office 2007. In the word file project manager written documents with low complexity. Using Microsoft binder, project manager combined the application in word file. However, project manager unable to set security within the documents in order to use this documents by every member of the group (White, 2006). According to the project manager, documents of the projects were stored in the group server of Terasoft. In order to contain each file formally, new directory was created by the project manager into group server. However, each file were saved with respected ID name of the project using two digit revision number. 5.1.2 Configuration files of software packages Repository documents are stored in the Local Area Network of Terasoft. Apart from that, configuration of project also manages in the LAN server of Terasoft. Each image of workstation was able to access from the LAN server of Terasoft (XIE, WANG and XIAO, 2010). For performance reporting, Tearsoft-NNB extranet were configured by the project manager. 5.1.3 Web based help files Project managers used Microsoft front page for writing the web based help files. In the server, documents files were stored with the respected version of ATM software. 5.2 Software User Documentation During the training program, project manager verified the software documentation by the management staffs of Bank of South Australia. However, the software documentation is used as a part of training to the staffs of Bank of South Australia. The software document was made easily for using each user. In the software document, each task broken into subtasks. In order to refine the software document, feedback is collected from the user. 5.3 Documents With the expectation of software project management plan (SPMP) project manager plays the leading role in document preparation of this project. Terasoft designed the project according to the demand of Bank of South Australia. Therefore, executive committee of Bank of South Australia approved the project documents. 6. Activities, Schedule and Budget Activities and Tasks Phase Task Analysis of System Requirements Project Identification Development of project proposal Project Management Plan Design WBS Structuring Schedule Forming SPMP Generation of software requirement Analysis of entire requirement Designing technical specification Preparation of SRS Software Design Organize architectural design Developing detailed Design Developing SDD Implementation Noting Code Conducting Unit Test Carrying integration testing Test of system Planning system test Conducting system testing Preparing System Test Document and Result User Documentation Structuring and carving users manual Accepting test Conducting acceptance test Resource Requirements Human resource and material resource will be required to accomplish the goal. Project Manager Requirement Analyst Software Architect Programmer Verification Engineer Expertise with detailed ATM skill and knowledge Technical Writer and Printing Services Database Engineer Installation Specialist Computer time for generation of object code Computer software purchase References Ceschi, M., Sillitti, A., Succi, G. and De Panfilis, S. (2005). Project Management in Plan-Based and Agile Companies. IEEE Softw., 22(3), pp.21-27. Ghapanchi, A. and Aurum, A. (2012). The impact of project capabilities on project performance: Case of open source software projects. International Journal of Project Management, 30(4), pp.407-417. Harris, P. (2014).Planning and control using Oracle Primavera P6 - versions 8.2 8.3 EPPM web. Victoria, Australia: Eastwood Harris Pty Ltd. Juricek, J. (2014). Agile Project Management Principles.LNSE, pp.172-175. Lai, S. (2014). A WBS-Based Plan Changeability Measurement Model for Reducing Software Project Change Risk. LNSE, pp.94-99. Lalsing, V. (2012). People Factors in Agile Software Development and Project Management. IJSEA, 3(1), pp.117-137. Malik, J. (2013).Agile Project Management with GreenHopper 6 Blueprints. Packt Publishing. Marchewka, J. (2013).Information technology project management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Mishra, A. and Mishra, D. (2013). Software project management tools.SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes, 38(3), p.1. Morales, P. and Anderson, D. (2013).Process simulation and parametric modeling for strategic project management. New York, NY: Springer. Pellerin, R., Perrier, N., Guillot, X. and Lger, P. (2013). Project Management Software Utilization and Project Performance.Procedia Technology, 9, pp.857-866. Rose, K. (2012). Refining the Knowledge Production Plan: Knowledge Representations in Innovation Projects. Project Management Journal, 43(6), pp.114-114. Uzzafer, M. (2013). A contingency estimation model for software projects.International Journal of Project Management, 31(7), pp.981-993. Wang, L. and Tian, L. (2012). Affinity and Tacit Knowledge Management in Project Team. Journal of Software, 7(9). White, A. (2006). External disturbance control for software project management.International Journal of Project Management, 24(2), pp.127-135. XIE, L., WANG, Q. and XIAO, J. (2010). Reducing Plan Change: A Risk Driven Software Project Buffer Allocation Method.Journal of Software, 21(12), pp.3029-3041. Yang, T. (2012). The Facilities Plan and Project Management Based on the Optimize Correlation of Logistics and Production Construction. AMR, 542-543, pp.339-343. Deeprose, D. (2002). Project management. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Kodukula, P. (2014). Enterprise Project Portfolio Management: Building Competencies for RD and IT Investment Success. Project Management Journal, 45(1), pp.e1-e1. Lock, D. (2004). Project management in construction. Aldershot: Gower. Meng, X. (2012). The effect of relationship management on project performance in construction. International Journal of Project Management, 30(2), pp.188-198. Meng, X. and Gallagher, B. (2012). The impact of incentive mechanisms on project performance. International Journal of Project Management, 30(3), pp.352-362. Peslak, A. (2012). Information Technology Project Management and Project Success. International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 3(3), pp.31-44. Petit, Y. (2012). Project portfolios in dynamic environments: Organizing for uncertainty. International Journal of Project Management, 30(5), pp.539-553. Pinto, J. (2014). Project management, governance, and the normalization of deviance. International Journal of Project Management, 32(3), pp.376-387. Ponnappa, G. (2014). Project Stakeholder Management. Project Management Journal, 45(2), pp.e3-e3. Randolph, S. (2012). Fundamentals of Project Management, Fourth Edition. Project Management Journal, 43(4), pp.81-81 Banksa.com.au, (2015).BankSA - Personal Banking | Business Corporate Banking. Available at: https://www.banksa.com.au/ [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]

Why is the initial consultation so important free essay sample

When a client visits a hypnotherapist for the first time, the therapist will begin with an initial consultation. Most therapists will offer a free initial consultation, usually lasting around half an hour. Usually no hypnotherapy takes place at this time, it is merely a fact finding session for both. This first meeting is extremely important for a number of reasons. The client has to feel comfortable in their surroundings, and the initial consultation is the time when the therapist will ascertain whether or not the client has previous experience with therapy and explain exactly what will happen during the course of therapy to allay any anxieties that the client may have. The relationship between a client and a therapist is built on trust and honesty so the first meeting is an opportunity to build rapport between the client and therapist and ensure that both parties are comfortable working with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Why is the initial consultation so important? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason that hypnotherapists often offer a free initial consultation is that this is the time that they find out why the client has come for therapy. In the National Hypnotherapy Society Code of Ethics it states that practitioners only provide services to the clients where they are competent to do so. If a therapist believes that they are not qualified to deliver the therapy for the client then this is the time when they will ascertain this and where appropriate refer the client to another therapist or medical professional who would offer suitable treatment. If you have charged a client for this first session but then you are not able to help them and refer them on then this may give your practice a bad reputation. It is also imperative that the therapist establishes if they know the client in any way or if there are any connections between the therapist and the client. This is called a ‘dual relationship’. This is described in the Code of Ethics: ‘Dual relationships arise when the practitioner has two or more kinds of relationship concurrently with the client, for example client and trainee, friend and client, colleague and supervisee’. These relationships can be detrimental to the therapy hence why it is so important to ascertain this in an initial consultation. For example, the therapist may discover that they know a client’s parents and this may make the client feel uncomfortable which will affect the therapist’s ability to build rapport and trust. Another factor that must be addressed in the initial consultation is the client’s medical history. The therapist must check if the client is taking any kind of medication paying particular attention to anti-psychotic or antidepressant medication. Hypnosis is rarely used with patients with severe bipolar affective disorder or psychotic patients. Mental illness is extremely complex and the therapist must not treat people who have or have had a psychosis. These patients have trouble engaging in hypnosis and also encouraging these patients to focus on their thoughts, feelings and asking them to imagine certain scenarios may prove counter-productive given their state of mind. This is why it is also important to get the clients GP details during this initial consultation; if the client is reluctant to give this to the therapist then the therapist should proceed with caution. Hypnotherapists are not equipped to diagnose a psychosis so if a client has a history of mental illness or is on psychological medication then the therapist must have a doctor’s written consent to treat the client and this note must state the client is not psychotic. This is another reason why the therapist must get the GP name of the client, especially if they are suspicious that the client is mentally ill or has a history of mental illness. The Code of Ethics states the initial consultation should always be conducted face to face and by no other medium such as telephone or even Skype (under Client Welfare, point 7). This is important when studying a client’s behaviour. As discussed here, it is of extreme importance that you ascertain if a client is psychotic and a person’s behaviour can help to establish this. For example if a client withdraws when talking to you and loses concentration easily this can be a sign of a psychosis. If a client comes for hypnotherapy for a physical condition if they have not already done so the therapist should advise the client to contact a medical practitioner for a diagnosis. Therapists are unable to diagnose a physical condition unless they have the relevant medical training. This will be established during the initial consultation. If the client does not have a formal diagnosis it is the duty of the therapist to advise the client to get a formal diagnosis before they will treat them. One of the main purposes of the initial induction is to prepare the client for hypnotherapy. It is highly likely that the client will not have a realistic understanding of the nature of the therapy or the type of experience they are going to have. Naturally for a majority of people when they hear the word hypnosis they conjure up images of stage hypnosis and people running around a stage clucking like a chicken  or seemingly being forced to do things out of their control for entertainment purposes. It is important that the therapist allays any anxieties or misconceptions that the client may have of what hypnotherapy entails. It is important that the client understands what a hypnotic state is so that they are aware of what will happen during the therapy. Also, there is a common misconception that hypnosis ‘knocks you out’ and you are unconscious and will not remember what has happened during the hypnosis. Another common belief is that the client will have no choice on how they behave during the session. The therapist must inform the client that they will be conscious and in control during the session. The client may also worry that they have no control over what they say during hypnosis and may be afraid of exposing something that they don’t want to. The therapist must inform the client that they will be in control and also make them aware that the usefulness of the therapy depends on their willingness to participate and continue in the process. People often use hypnotherapy as a last resort for a problem they have had for a long period of time and they will come for this therapy with a lot of anxiety and doubt probably. It is the fear of the unknown, naturally this makes a person anxious and it is the job of the therapist to allay these anxieties which is an essential part of the initial consultation. Whilst the therapist talks to the client and establishes why they have come for therapy and what their fears and anxieties surrounding the treatment may be this is time that the therapist will begin to build rapport. As previously stated, the relationship between the client and therapist will be built on trust and confidentiality and in order for the client to fully engage in the therapy it is essential that they trust the therapist. It is important that the client understands the processes involved in this relationship moving forward so it is essential that the therapist explains that anything that they discuss is strictly confidential and a confidentiality agreement will be signed by both the client and therapist to confirm this. This agreement can be at the end of your initial consultation form, which forms the beginning of your ‘Notation Form’. This form can be filled out during the initial consultation then given to the client at the end of the consultation to read and ensure that they have understood what has been discussed. This form will also confirm the price for the therapy, payment instructions, cancellation charges or charges if a client does not turn up for an appointment, along with the confidentiality agreement. The therapist must also explain that there are certain circumstances and conditions where the content of the session will no longer be confidential such as if you fear they may harm themselves or someone else or if there is any reason to believe any form of child abuse or neglect. This form should be signed by both parties at the end of the initial consultation. The wording on this form should be clear and transparent and does not restrict the statutory rights of the client. Some therapists also like to use the initial consultation to perform a trial induction to assess a client’s aptitude for hypnosis. As well as assessing this, if some level of trance is achieved during this induction then this can also help to allay some of the client’s anxiety and fear of hypnosis. Also if the therapist is putting a client in to a relaxed state this can help a client who is feeling anxious or depressed and encourage them to continue with this method of therapy. They will leave the consultation feeling more hopeful and positive of hypnotherapy as a treatment. During the initial consultation a therapist will also assess the client’s personality in order to decide what type of screed would be appropriate for them during treatment. This can be assessed using a screed questionnaire such as the Chrysalis Client Screed Assessment which focuses on a client’s appearance, personality and behaviour in order to assess which type of screed would be appropriate for the client. If a client is very logical and analytical and quite direct and scientific in their views i. e. there are no grey areas in what they think, then they are much more likely to respond to an authoritarian type of screed where the client is not given choices, the screed is very to the point and they are based on the client staying in control. The therapist will use direct suggestions in the screed therefore these types of screeds are often very effective for habit changing behaviour such as quitting smoking. If a client is more creative and imaginative and a caring person then they are more like to respond to a permissive screed using indirect suggestion. It is also important to assess a client’s preferred modality in order to form a screed based around this. Whilst it is important to use all modalities in a screed a client will respond better and deepen in to a trance if the script is tailored to their preferred modality. A therapist can assess this with some specific questions and also by asking the client to close their eyes and describe a scene in three different modalities and ask the client which description resonated with them the most. The therapist can also use this initial consultation to find out where the client feels safe and calm and at home and perhaps incorporate this in to their special place as part of the screed. It is important to gain enough information to personalize the screed to the client in order to deepen the trance and increase the chances of the therapy being effective. In conclusion, the initial consultation is an essential part of hypnotherapy treatment. The therapist must comply with the code of ethics and ensure that they are able to treat the client based on their level of expertise and to assess whether the two parties are able to work together. If a therapist did not offer this initial consultation for free then this exercise would be paid for by a client and after the first session it may be that the therapist does not feel able to treat the client or there may be a dual relationship in place that would be detrimental to treatment. If this consultation is paid for and the client walks away with no treatment he or she is left frustrated and this affects their ongoing treatment and the reputation of the therapist. The kind of information that is gathered in this session and given to the client ensures a firm understanding of the problem and the therapy which is being suggested as well as allowing the therapist to gain enough information to personalize a screed to increase the chance of a successful therapy.

Free Essays on The Benefit Of Ourselves

ESSAY QUESTION 2. Darkness. Much literature is concerned with dispelling our complacency about our lot- our self assurance, our belief in the triumph of goodness and light. Choose three works and show how the authors make us confront the dark side of our nature. Works I choose: Midsummer Nights Dream, Brave New World, Heart of Darkness, Shooting an elephant, Mark of the Beast. THE BENEFIT OF OURSELVES We humans have the tendency to lie for our own benefit, the legacy that our past has left us. Nowadays we are more related with the evil than with good. Evil has been forever and will remain that way, and it has been present in the most peculiar places. Even in the powers of good, evil has gone through. Evil is best described as causing ruin, injury, or pain. In Heart of Darkness, the dark side is imperialism which tries to make the tribes do what they think is correct. In A Midsummer Nights Dream, the dark side is the society that wont allow their own sons to get married and that is why they runaway to the forest. I also think that the society won’t accept different marriages of different social status. In Shooting an Elephant, the dark side is when the shooter, Orwell lies within a conflict of what to do either to shoot the elephant and earn a little respect from the crowd or don’t do anything at all. In Heart of Darkness we are constantly exposed to the dark side of human beings sometimes in a low degree and others in the must â€Å"inhuman† shade but with this novel we can see that darkness is only found in ourselves. First we see that Kurtz a criminal has lost himself in power. He is a corrupt human being who tries to use progress as a disguise. He makes everyone believe that his is only exploiting the people of Congo for their own benefit, so they can become â€Å"civilized.† But truly, the only reason he is being such an animal is to benefit him self and no one else, he gets so lost in his own perversity and evil... Free Essays on The Benefit Of Ourselves Free Essays on The Benefit Of Ourselves ESSAY QUESTION 2. Darkness. Much literature is concerned with dispelling our complacency about our lot- our self assurance, our belief in the triumph of goodness and light. Choose three works and show how the authors make us confront the dark side of our nature. Works I choose: Midsummer Nights Dream, Brave New World, Heart of Darkness, Shooting an elephant, Mark of the Beast. THE BENEFIT OF OURSELVES We humans have the tendency to lie for our own benefit, the legacy that our past has left us. Nowadays we are more related with the evil than with good. Evil has been forever and will remain that way, and it has been present in the most peculiar places. Even in the powers of good, evil has gone through. Evil is best described as causing ruin, injury, or pain. In Heart of Darkness, the dark side is imperialism which tries to make the tribes do what they think is correct. In A Midsummer Nights Dream, the dark side is the society that wont allow their own sons to get married and that is why they runaway to the forest. I also think that the society won’t accept different marriages of different social status. In Shooting an Elephant, the dark side is when the shooter, Orwell lies within a conflict of what to do either to shoot the elephant and earn a little respect from the crowd or don’t do anything at all. In Heart of Darkness we are constantly exposed to the dark side of human beings sometimes in a low degree and others in the must â€Å"inhuman† shade but with this novel we can see that darkness is only found in ourselves. First we see that Kurtz a criminal has lost himself in power. He is a corrupt human being who tries to use progress as a disguise. He makes everyone believe that his is only exploiting the people of Congo for their own benefit, so they can become â€Å"civilized.† But truly, the only reason he is being such an animal is to benefit him self and no one else, he gets so lost in his own perversity and evil...

A Writers Ouline of Personal Goals and Hopes for the New Millenium

A Writer's Ouline of Personal Goals and Hopes for the New Millenium Music, science, nature, and games have all developed through out the past millennium. It has been a thousand year of innovation, invention, and excitement. Looking back on the last millennium makes my hopes for the new millennium even greater. By seeing all that has already happened, I wonder what else can happen. I think about what just about everything will be like in the new millennium, but most of alI, I think of what new adventures my life will bring to me. In the new millennium I am hoping to graduate high school and go on to college. In college I wish to continue playing soccer and study in the field of medicine and foreign languages. After graduating, I would like to keep going onto medical school. My fields of choice would either be physical therapy or orthopedics. That way I would still be involved in sports, although it is unlikely I will be playing them. Getting a job would be my next challenge. I would love to be a doctor and help out other people. It would not just be a job that would make me money, but it would make me happy. I would try to find a job around this area so I could stay close to my family. Staying close to my family would also be good when I decided to start a family of my own. I would like to have a wife and two or three kids. I think it would be important for my children to, not only stay close to their immediate family, but stay close to their extended family also. I would love to watch my kids grow up and I would try to raise them as well as I was. Seeing them succeed: graduating high school, going through college, and watching them as they accomplished their goals would be very fulfilling to me. I would like to see them start families too, and I would love to be part of my grandchildren’s lives. Then, at about the age of 65, I would like to retire. I would travel all around the world and eat out al the time. I would have as much fun as I possibly could. While my life is going on so will the rest of the world. Throughout the world technology, science and everything else will be advancing. In the world o computers, everything will probably be revolving around them. All business will be on the internet, the computer will be able to respond to you, and nowhere will computers not be the center of attention. Space exploration will go to new, unexplored places. People will walk on the mars and maybe even find intelligent life outside of earth. Music and entertainment will never stop changing, but who knows what will come of them. Everything will change in the next millennium. Who knows what will become of the world, but I am looking forward to seeing what happens, with the world and me.

The Discharge of Water in the Design of the Channel Statistics Project

The Discharge of Water in the Design of the Channel - Statistics Project Example In the analysis of the graphs, the bar graph would indicate that the amount of rainfall in the river would cause the river water to rise. We can notice that there is almost a steady flow of water until after a rainstorm. The amount of rainfall is indicated in the bar graph while the rise of water in the river is indicated in the line graph. As the water rises in the river, the height of the water is recorded, and the amount of rainfall is computed. Normally the rise of water in a river occurs after a storm rainfall. The discharge is measured at a certain point in a river and is typically time variant. As the line graph is plotted, the part of the hydrograph rises up to its peak and the discharge is seen. The term given to this process in the hydrograph is the rising limb. The decrease of water discharge comes after the rising limb and it is defined as the falling limb. The peak discharge is when water reaches its highest point and there is the greatest amount of water in the river. T he period of time that is recorded between the peak rainfall and peak discharge is called the lag time. In the study of Cynon River that was performed, a total of 96 hours was consumed. The reading in the river height was taken every hour until the end of the 96th hour. At the end of the 96th hour, a hydrograph was plotted to take into considerations the result of the river height readings. A bar graph was plotted for the rainfall, and a line graph was plotted for the discharge. From the hydrograph, we can see how the water in the river had risen. The graph showed that the rise of water started in the 44th hour. The peak point was reached on the 56th hour.

Why people behave the way they do Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why people behave the way they do - Assignment Example The author begins by highlighting the influence that leaders have on the people they work with, mainly because their actions have influence on the output of an organization (Clawson, 2001). More so, the article is intended to provide an analysis of different characters of people so as to offer a greater level of predictability for the people we work with. According to Clawson (2001), the attention and treatment that infants receive within their first six months of life have great influence on their personalities. For instance, if the persons in charge of taking care of the immediate needs of such children are incapable of meeting them satisfactorily or on time, a child is likely to develop a negative personality. In such a case, the individual may grow up trying to fill a gap in their expectations that developed when they were not well attended to. On the other end, a person whose needs were actively and dutifully met during this critical phase of their lives will develop warmer relations with other people, and this is likely to show strongly later in life, including at the work place. This view is shared by Kuppens (2009), who noted that personality differentiation and variability are direct products of the experiences one goes through from birth. Therefore, parts of our personalities are the product of how well we were attended to in our formative years. Various other factors contribute significantly to whom we become; which is strongly reflected in what we do. For instance, genetic makeup identifies an individual to a specific lineage. Clawson (2001) noted that on top of the physical characteristics we inherit, we also inherit bio-chemical balances and emotional tendencies. Emotional regulation (and dysregulation) is controlled by bio-chemical balance (for instance hormones) is what contributes to what we do, how we respond to others, and, by extension, how other people

Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay Example for Free

Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay The possibility of the existence of right and wrong has been a subject of discussion among philosophers for centuries and many theories have been presented to answer the question of whether morals exist. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the great German philosopher is one who has contributed profoundly to the world of philosophy and especially in regards to his thought on the subject of morality. Kant disagreed with Hume that morality is objective and not subjective. Kant wanted to propose a pure moral philosophy, one of absolute necessity and independent of all human feelings, because if it not so, it will not be absolute and binding upon every person. The purpose of morality is to affect our behaviour and that it is reason that makes humans moral and not feelings or preferences. We shall explore some of the a priori foundations of morality paying special attention to Kants categorical imperative and what exactly this was designed to solve in moral theory. To have moral worth, an act must be done in the name of ones duty, the moral worth of this act is taken from the principle from which its determined, not from what it aims to accomplish and that duty is necessary when one is acting out of respect for the law. A shopkeeper giving the buyer the right amount of change because the law states one must not steal, this is an example of a legal action because rules are being followed but for the wrong reasons. A shopkeeper returning the correct amount of change because it belongs to the customer is an example of a moral action because the action is being done for the right reasons. Kant adopts the view of morality as an unconditional ought, as opposed to a conditional ought By this he means that one should perform an act without considerations of the merits that that act may produce, in comparison with acting in order for something else to happen. This implies that acts that are moral are those that are done without being done for the sake of the merit or reward that they may bring to the person. Kant claimed that moral behaviour does not guarantee the attainment of happiness; rather that good will is crucial for actually deserving happiness. Nothing in the worldindeed nothing even beyond the worldcan possibly be conceived which could be called good without qualification except a good will (Kant 1964 p. 27). By the good will Kant means that a good will is not good because what it performs or what it effects but that it is simply good in itself. The good will is the will which acts out of respect for the moral law and from freedom, but actions such as these, if motivated by selfish or emotional factors, will then have no moral worth. There is a great deal of stress placed on the intention behind the act, consider giving money to charity for the sake of helping out, without any need for any ego gratification or such self-serving purposes, this is an instance of good will. Kants most well known contribution to ethical discussion is the categorical imperative. There are three key propositions that form the basis of Kants ethics. They are: act only on that maxim (principle) through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law, act in a way that you never treat humanity as a means to an end and that you act as if you were a lawmaker member of a kingdom of ends. These three principles form the categorical imperative. For Kant the source of moral justification is the categorical imperative. It presents a method to determine whether or not an act may be considered to be morally correct. An imperative is either categorical or hypothetical. Kant writes, If now the action is good only as a means to something else, then the imperative is hypothetical; if it is conceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principle of a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical . . . . (Kant 1989 p. 31) As humans we all have subjective impulses desires and inclinations that may contradict the dictates of reason. These desires, whether they are material objects or gratify us in a sexual or psychological way, may in fact contradict the dictates of reason. Therefore we experience the claim of reason as an imperative, a command to act in a particular way. Kant views a person to be most free when they can overcome their temptations and it is this freedom that helps us make sense of morality. The categorical imperative emphasises the means for completing an action and places little meaning on the end result of an action, whereas the hypothetical imperative places much emphasis on the end result of an action. It is an imperative because it dictates what we should do, disregarding our desires. As rational beings we are guided through life by laws and principles, in the form of an imperative which simply orders us you must do this regardless of any desires which we may have. Hypothetical imperatives apply to us if we have a particular desire, go to university if you want to become a philosopher. An act becomes imperative when it ought to be applied to everyone, hence the basic statement of the categorical imperative being to act only on maxims that you could will to become universal laws of human nature (Kant). A categorical imperative would command you to do X inasmuch as X is intrinsically right, that is, right in and of itself, aside from any other considerationsno ifs, no conditions, no strings attached . . . a categorical imperative is unconditional (no ifs) and independent of any things, circumstances, goals, or desires. It is for this reason that only a categorical imperative can be a universal and binding law, that is, a moral law, valid for all rational beings at all times. (Miller 1984 p. 462) Immorality then would be to make exceptions for ourselves by acting only on maxims that we cannot universalize out of our own will. It is those who act in such a way and then expect others to act different to our way, who are immoral. The categorical imperative acts as a formula for universal law; by stating the prerequisites that an act must have to be considered moral, it presents a comparison for people to be able to see if they are acting morally, this being to act only on principles that you could will to become universal laws by which all who wish to act morally must comply with. It determines whether any act is right or wrong, so to do the opposite would be contradictory and this would then be an act that is not morally correct. An example that Kant puts forward in Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative, (1989) to depict this is of a man who is in extreme despair and contemplating suicide. By taking his own life he would be universalizing the principle that in order to love himself he should end his life (by doing this he is trying to improve his life by ending the despair he is feeling). Killing himself would in fact do nothing to improve his life because he would have no life at all! So you see how these contradictory acts undermine those that may be classified as morally right. Although Kants categorical imperative has been widely read and accepted by some it has had criticism. Some philosophers have thought of it as absolutist, being too black and white. But when thinking of humanity and society in which we reside, looking at morality according to the categorical imperative allows a standard rule for everyone to follow. If it was alright for some people to steal and not others this we could not call a moral and fair society. There needs to be a rule or comparison so that what acts are right and what are wrong may be differentiated from each other and the wrong acts then dealt with accordingly. Some have asked how only an action which one had no desire to do could ever have any moral worth. This to me does not seem to be what is trying to be expressed in Kantian ethics. It is not the desire per se that makes an act immoral, I think it seems that it is more the fact of this desire being the reason the act is conducted in the first place. If the act is done to fulfil a personal desire or attain that which one desires, then the act is immoral, but if the act is done for the good of the act in itself, for example donating money to an orphanage because one desires to help, then this is still what Kant would regard as a morally right act. Although Kantianism has had a profound effect on some people, producing many elaborations, translations and thought, for some it is not feasible once placed together as a whole. Kant had some very profound ideas but looking at society tody I would think he was definitely on the right thought pattern. Society and we as humans, with our impulses whether good or bad, need a clarified ethics to follow to help us separate what may be considered right and wrong in a moral sense, and it must be fair and the same for everyone, this is what Kants categorical imperative has done by creating a universal law or rule of thumb for morality. References: Kant, I. 1989 Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative. ed. Serafini, A. Ethics and Social Concern, the categorical imperative. New York: Paragon House Publishers Kant, I. 1964 Groundwork and the Metaphysics of Morals, ed. Herbert J. Paton, New York: HarperCollins. Miller, Ed. L. 1984 Questions that Matter: An Invitation to Philosophy, 3rd ed. Colorado: McGraw-Hill, Inc. http://sguthrie. net/kant. htm (accessed on 12/10/04).

Houdini :: History

Houdini Kendall, Lace Houdini Master of Escape Philadelphia: Macrae Smith Company, 1960, 187 pages. "Ladies and gentlemen, you can see there isn't anything up my sleeve."1 Erich Weiss states at the beginning of the book. Even as a child Erich Weiss, a.k.a. Harry Houdini, knows that his goal in life is to become a world famous illusionist. It was difficult for Erich's family being pilgrims from Europe. His father worked hard, but being from Germany and not knowing English made it difficult. "Promise me you will always look after your mother and see to it that she is never in want."2 Erich promises his father that he will look after his mother and other brothers. At the age of thirteen he decides to leave and join the circus. He journeys to Texas performing small, road-side shows on the way, but only gets half-way when he turns around. Erich realizes it's not his time. At the age of fifteen he moves with his family to New York. That is when he acquires his name, Harry Houdini. He dubs himself Houdini after the famous French magician Robert Houdin. In one of his small shows in New York he spills acid on the audience member's dress. Little did he know how much that would change his life. He offer to have his mother make a new dress for Miss Beatrice "Bess" Rahner. It was love at first sight. He and Bess are married at Coney Island the day he gives her the new dress. Often when I here of Houdini I think, and even have been told, that he died in an escape accident. That is not only untrue it is nowhere near his true means of death. During a performance one night he broke an ankle. That is when it all started. He began feeling worse everyday. He had stomach pains. He waited to late. He had a ruptured appendix and gangrene had set in. The doctors told him that he would not survive more that twelve hours. However he fought for seven days. He died at the age of fifty-two on October 31, 1926, Halloween. This book was like a time machine in that it let me see into the past. I not only got to live along with Mr. Harry Houdini, I got to visit the places he did through the words of Lace Kendall. The place I enjoyed most was New York City.

Life Is Not Fair

There seems to be a lot of talk these days about what is fair, and what is not. President Obama seems to believe life should be fair, that â€Å"everybody should have a fair shake. † Some of the 99% seem to believe life has treated them unfairly, and some of the 1% percent feel life hasn't treated them fairly enough. I would probably be one of those 99% people because we all know we have are moments where life Just sucks. My questions are these: What is fair? Is life fair? Should life be fair?We clearly have no choice about how we come into this world, we have little choice early in life, but as we grow older choices abound. I have long believed that while we have no control over the beginning of our life, the overwhelming majority of us have the ability to influence the outcomes we attain. Fair is a state of mind, and most often, an unhealthy state of mind. I recognize that throughout life I will continuously develop and learn. I will continue to introspect and question mysel f.I recognize there is always room for improvement and that I will never be perfect. It would be ridiculous to assert that those who fail over and over again eventually succeed as leaders. Success in any endeavor isn't a process of simply buying enough lottery tickets. The key that unlocks the door to opportunity is learning. Leaders are constantly learning from their errors and failures. Try, fail, and learn. Try, fail, and learn. Try, fail and learn. That's the leader mantra. Leaders are learners.You need to learn from your failures as well as your successes and to make it possible for others to do the same. You can say life is unfair all you want but the ones who listen to the people that say get used to it never step up and do something about it. They let life keep treating them unfair and eventually Just blame life on all of their problems. So yes I do believe in the saying â€Å"Life is not fair: get used to it. † Sometimes we Just have to let it roll off are shoulders and say it's Just a part of life.

Basic concepts of psychodynamic psychotherapy

In the essay, â€Å"Basic concepts of psychodynamic psychotherapy† I have delved deep into the concept psychodynamic psychotherapists. Who are they? What is their role and how they help emotionally disturbed patients. Freud was the first to formulate the concept psychodynamic psychotherapy and then with the passage of time, many types of therapies have been conceived.It is based on the simple concept that we all are emotionally related to each other and these emotions may from time to time create disturbances in our daily lives, which we are unable to find out.Therapists help us to find these problems and give the solutions. But there are certain problems too in the treatment process in the various concepts of Psychodynamic psychotherapy. These problems can arise due to transference, counter-transference, defense and resistance. All in all, this essay will be beneficial for all the people concerned and students of psychotherapy. Introduction: Psychodynamic psychotherapy involv es patients to understand their emotional turmoil and effectively deals with them.It is a therapy provided to the young adults to help them deal with the emotional problems arising out of the depression and anxiety caused due to the relationship problems either with family, peers, friends, or professors. It is a method of verbal communication enabling patients to get relief from emotional pains. People go for psychodynamic psychotherapy for number of reasons like prolonged sadness, anxiety, sexual frustration, physical symptoms without any basis, continuous feelings of isolation and loneliness, and an ardent desire to achieve more success in work and love.People ask for therapist, as they cannot solve the resolution in the time of their difficulties in their own way. The roots of the concepts psychodynamic psychotherapy had arisen out of the theories and techniques of psychoanalysis. As said by Nancy McWilliams, â€Å"Psychoanalytic therapists, including psychoanalysis, are approac hes to helping people that derive ultimately from the ideas of Sigmund Freud and his collaborators and his followers†. (McWilliams, 2004, p. 1)The overall theme of the psychodynamic approach of helping people is based on the simpler premises that the more we are honest with ourselves, the more we have chances of living a better, satisfied and useful life. Psychoanalytical and clinical writing espouses from within our unconscious level those aspects that we have not realized or are not evident and if we are aware of these disavowed aspects, we will get relief from emotional pain and also from the time and energy spent to keep ourselves at unconscious level.Michael Guy Thompson and the inheritors of Rieff argued that psychoanalysis as a field has adorned an ethic of honesty as a means to achieve therapeutic goals. Thomas Szasz in 2003 defined psychoanalysis as a â€Å"moral dialogue, not a medical treatment. † (McWilliams, 2004, p. 2) Since decades therapists have personi fied themselves as most honest in their personal analysis with the patients and also fostering the achievements as a result of the same. (McWilliams, 2004) There are differences in the goals of therapy depending on the methods of treatment that could be either expressive or supportive.Expressive therapy enables the patients to relieve themselves from symptoms through the development of awareness of feelings and thoughts. The therapy is based on the concept that difficulties, which are experienced by the adults have their emergence in childhood; children neither possess the ability of making suitable choices for themselves nor they have an independence to follow the same and the methods that are developed in the childhood are no longer effective during adulthood.With counselling, adults get to know the ineffective ways they had been adopting and today’s ways of adoption to come out of the various problems and hurdles. Another is supportive therapy, more relevant to give patien t immediate relief. Therapist adopts this approach with the previous level of functioning of a person and helps him to strengthen the ways already been adopted by him. While many patients can get benefited from one treatment but in several cases, other therapies may also be involved like family therapy, couple therapy, or group therapy, which could be separately given and also in combination.Concepts of Psychodynamic psychotherapy Psychodynamic psychotherapy provides a unique model for the mental functioning involving five key concepts, and these are: â€Å"Unconscious processes in the mental level; Transference; Counter-transference; Defense and resistance; and the past repeating itself in the present. † (Yager, Mellman & Rubin, 2005, p. 340) 1. Unconscious processes in the mental level â€Å"Unconscious is an adjectival description of areas of mental experience not available to normal awareness†. (McGrath & Margison, 2000) It is the part of the mental process about w hich we are not aware of.There could be different levels of unconscious mental activity including our inability to realize what is going on in our mind and secondly partial awareness. Most of the Freud’s writings were based on this unconscious level of mind, which is â€Å"a reservoir that contained dynamically repressed contents that were kept out of awareness because they created conflict. † (Gabbard, 2004, p. 3) Freud’s earlier attempts were his efforts to bring out to surface the unconscious part of our mind for easily identifying the problem and understanding it in a better way.Freud formulated what is known as the topographical model and the structural model. The topographical model describes the parts of the mind that functions at various levels of consciousness and creates awareness of the same. It reveals and studies the quality that is playing its part in the mental processes rather than function it is playing. On the other hand is the structural model , which delves into the three important parts of the personality i. e.id, ego and superego and they perform motivational, interactive and executive functions. In the structural model, ego is shown as different from aggressive and sexual drives. Freud explains that, â€Å"The conscious part of the ego involves that part of the mind, which performs the function of decision making, integration of perceptual data, and the mental calculation whereas the unconscious part of the ego involves defense mechanisms that are designed to counteract the power instinctual derives harbored in the id†. (Gabbard, 2004, p.4) Sexuality and aggression are drives requiring deep level defensive efforts from the ego to prevent them from becoming intrusive to the person’s functioning. According to Freud, unconsciousness continues to create an influence on our behavior even though we are unaware about it. For e. g. during one of the clinical trials, I studied the patient’s problem on his communication process. I assumed that the patient’s verbal and nonverbal communication to us was unconsciously organized, and consciously as well as unconsciously had certain meaning.This meant from his speech and non-verbal behavior, I had to find out the central conflict patient was undergoing through unwillingly organized thoughts, feelings and behaviors in his relation to the persons he was concerned. When I listened to the patient, certain portion of this conflicting tendency in his mental power was quite visible. This could be in the form of phrases, images, nonverbal behaviors etc. These signs help in interpreting the root cause of the problem. After the thorough investigation of the verbal phrase, I interpreted that his focal conflict was related to his phallic competitive wishes.But it was not clear whether his phallic conflicts were regressive arising from his struggle or he went to an extent of powerful regression towards the sadistic tendency. In other words, it w as not clear that his difficulty with phallic competitive feelings toward males had arisen from his feeling of jealousy or looking at them as rivals or his anxiety had arisen due to the sad feelings and his impulses. But one thing that I found was he often felt very anxious and often had a great feeling of anxiety over the affects and that could be created on his impulses by the people he thinks to be rivals.Psychotherapeutic acts like a friend, and as said by must act like a therapeutic distance or therapeutic neutrality; never treating with any personal desires yet always maintaining the relationship with the patient focusing on the treatment process. 2. Transference Second concept is transference, involving the relationship client feels towards his psychotherapist. It is very natural for the client to experience the feeling of transference, also known as the transference reactions. These feelings are no less than in-depth feelings of love or hate.Jacques Lacan, a psychoanalyst ex plains that this love means having a belief or faith in the other, in other words, the other person has knowledge you don’t have. (Wright, 1998) This intense belief on the part of the client can cause problem that should be solved during the process psychotherapeutic treatment. For e. g. these feelings could be mixed feelings of love and hate that can arise out of the relationship problems with parents and they look at therapist with these mixed feelings. In such a situation, there is a need to realize that psychotherapist is only trying to reduce these feelings.A patient also begins to feel that the psychotherapist has a personal ability to come out of the sense of inner worthlessness and there can be fondness and even sexual attraction with the psychotherapist. This happens as the therapeutic cure comes from the emotional feeling and removes emotional emptiness. It is said if transference is not handled carefully it can lead to disaster consequence. For e. g. many patients have their lives ruined because psychotherapists play with the patients erotic feelings in a personal way and fail to make the client understand that it is the medical treatment.In many cases transference can also make you frighten putting a stop to the treatment prematurely. For e. g. it was October 18th 2000, I had one patient in my clinic that most of the time got into the fits of anxiety and depression. I lovingly asked him several questions and during the process, I found he had an odd problem with his parents. He acknowledged the fact that his parents loved him but at the same time was always had a feeling of insecurity, anger and confusion towards his parents thinking they didn’t love him as much as they loved their other children.The first thing about him that came to my mind was he had a craving for love and it was love he needed the most. He was fourteen years old boy with smart and innocent boyish look in his face, with black and blonde hair. So my initial step of treatment started by getting emotionally close to the patient, and I initiated to give the parental care he craved for, understand his differences with his parents and try not to repeat the same mistakes what he felt his parents were doing.Slowly, his signs of depression began to reduce and he felt more relaxed and tension free. My more and more closeness with him created a situation of transference, as I soon realized he was not able to spend even few minutes of his time without calling me or having a talk with me. He was now looking at me as his saviour and parents. I soon realized this would create a more problem if I leave him, as he could feel sadder and get into more depression. I then called his parents, discussed problem with them and explained them the importance and real meaning of love.Love means not just fulfilling the responsibilities but also coming close to your child, keeping your hands on his head and saying, â€Å"I am with you. † These are magical words bes t than the medicine that can reduce the emotional pains and can trigger the self-confidence and faith in others and oneself. I gave his parents some tips to follow and soon they realized it. This was the beginning of new life for my patient as he felt more relaxed, happy and relieved from all the pains and I slowly and slowly made him realize I was only his doctor and had to go.3. Counter-transference Counter transference is a reverse of the transference. This is described for the reactions and the emotional and unconscious reactions that can be felt by psychotherapist for his client. If these feelings are taken personally then psychotherapist can get into angry bout, abusive, spiteful, indifferent, or even seductive and if the counter-transference gets very deep and intense, then psychotherapist has to stop the treatment himself and get his patient referred to someone else for client’s protection.Counter-transference should be distinguished from the feelings he generated dur ing the process of treatment, because these feeling are used for treatment. At this point we can say that feelings generated by psychotherapists could be good as well as bad as both the extremity of the emotional feelings can have adverse effect on both the psychotherapist as well as on the part of patient. With the patient I mentioned above, I also began to feel emotional closeness but I controlled my emotions and with some careful analysis of the situation and adopting the balanced approach I dealt with him.4. Defense and resistance Yet another therapeutic concept needs to be undertaken is defense and resistance. Freud defines resistance as â€Å"whatever interrupts the progress of analytic work, like getting late, missing a session, or avoiding a particular issue†. (Fink, 1997, 230) Simply defense and resistance occurs owing to the fear and fear we have to face and relinquish from the anger of the victim. In other words, the treatment task is very complex and frightening a nd there is often the fear of facing the anger of a patient and overcoming an inclination to lie to yourself.Nonetheless Lacan said resistance should be distinguished from defense, and gave the statement that â€Å"there is no other resistance to analysis than that of the analyst himself. † (Fink, 1997, p. 225) For e. g. if the psychotherapist makes interpretation or makes intervention, which seemed to be not proper clinically, the client can be defensive and that can cause interruption in the work of therapists. In other words client will only get into the process of treatment when he himself feels comfortable about. The psychotherapist must feel the awareness of the fact that to what extent of the treatment process client is willing to go.Attempts to forcefully get client deep into the treatment process without getting him emotionally prepared can result in the client getting away from the treatment itself. In my case during the initial visit of the client, he showed reluct ance in the treatment process. He often came late from the time schedule and felt hesitant in disclosing. I assured him the best of my treatment and with great patience and slight conversations slowly yet steadily made him come closer to the treatment process. Then I was comfortable with me and he too was finding comfort in the treatment.5. The past repeating itself in the present In the psychodynamic language, it implies the past experiences of the patient continue to haunt him in the present. This happens with most of the suicidal patients – the past horrible experiences of the patients may continue to haunt him in his unconscious level. This may cause resistance on the part of the patient and treatment may suffer. In the clinical words, the transference to the clinician may have a major impact on the treatment, and counter – transference may also occur in subsequent time duration.(Gabbard & Allison, 2006) During the treatment period, practitioners have to face this situation and have to look into the patient’s past to bring out the root cause of his present situation and formulate this phase also. This process of integration of the past with the present is very painful thing for patients and in severe cases they can get emotionally disturbed, more depressive, anxious and can be aggressive, but nonetheless it is a temporary phase. I still remember she was nineteen years old and had gone into deep depression.When I asked about her past life, she entered into deeper state of depression and got completely silent and saddened and scared. I tried to relive her and promised not to ask about her past. She then slowly recovered herself, came back to normal and then after few days told me about her past. The treatment psychodynamic psychotherapy is all about the treatment of caring and love. In number of upheavals in our life, we need someone who can listen to us and care for us and here psychotherapist role starts. They listen to us and strive t o give us good hearing and relieve us from emotional pains.But, finally it is you only who is a healer and psychotherapist is only a guide who can take you on a self-guiding path. . Reference List Busch, F. N. & Milrod,B. L. 2008. Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Psychiatric Times. 25 (2). Corradi, R. B. (2006). Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Core Conceptual Model and Its Application. Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 34:93-116. Fink, B. 1997. A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Theory and Technique Harvard University Press. Gabard, G. O. & Allison, S. (2006). Psychodynamic Treatment.In Robert I. Simon, Robert E. Hales (Eds. ) The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Suicide Assessment and Management: assessing the unpredictable. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. , 221-234. Gabbard, G. O. (2004) Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Basic Text. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. McGrath, G. & Margi son, F. (2000) An Introduction to Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: BASIC PSYCHODYNAMIC CONCEPTS I. Retrieved on September 25, 2008 from W. W. W: http://www. geocities. com/nwidp/course/basic1. htmMcWilliams, N. (2004) Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: A Practitioner's Guide. New York: Guilford Press. Shervin, H. , Bond, J. A. & Brakel, L. A. W. 1996. Conscious and Unconscious Processes: Psychodynamic, Cognitive, and Neurophysiological Convergences. New York: Guilford Press Wright, Elizabeth. 1998. Psychoanalytic Criticism: A Reappraisal. London & New York: Routledge. Yager,J. Mellman,L. & Rubin, E. 2005. The RRC Mandate for Residency Programs to Demonstrate Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Competency Among Residents: A Debate. Academic Psychiatry, 29:4, p. 339-349.

Free Essays on The Liberal

One would think, after the 09/11 attacks against the world trade center and the pentagon, a liberal wouldn’t believe in retaliation against Afghanistan because that would constitute perpetrating harmful acts. However the attacks of 09/11 were meant to cause terror, which is also considered a harmful act and god forbid that should ever happen to the United States. The goal of a classical liberal government is to give its people individual freedom, equal opportunity, and individual rights which includes keeping its people safe and preventing them from being harmed. Classical liberalism dates back 400 years ago and is a European rooted system. An example of an ideology of classical liberalism is that based on the premise that humans and chimps are ninety eight percent identical the two percent difference between the two, is that we have the capacity to reason and that we act in self-interest. This self-interest drives us to pursue individual freedom, and happiness. In classical l iberalism the obstacles to individual freedom are: Each other-we have a social contract with each other, Government, Religious conformity-religious beliefs are private, Poverty, Prejudice- not moving on from the past, Ignorance-not knowing. The key to liberalism is that your pursuit of happiness doesn’t block anybody else’s. The idea is equality of opportunity. In liberalism all men are created equally. A liberal can be whatever he/she wants to be, but also following the guidelines above. Liberalism promotes a level playing field. When the 09/11 attacks occurred the rights and safety of the people of this country were violated and being that the roles of the government as far as the classical liberal ideology is concerned are: Protection - to protect each individual form being harmed or feeling like they’re being harmed, which would block their pursuit of happiness. Also the Justice System – which is a role of government is supposed to play a huge part. ... Free Essays on The Liberal Free Essays on The Liberal One would think, after the 09/11 attacks against the world trade center and the pentagon, a liberal wouldn’t believe in retaliation against Afghanistan because that would constitute perpetrating harmful acts. However the attacks of 09/11 were meant to cause terror, which is also considered a harmful act and god forbid that should ever happen to the United States. The goal of a classical liberal government is to give its people individual freedom, equal opportunity, and individual rights which includes keeping its people safe and preventing them from being harmed. Classical liberalism dates back 400 years ago and is a European rooted system. An example of an ideology of classical liberalism is that based on the premise that humans and chimps are ninety eight percent identical the two percent difference between the two, is that we have the capacity to reason and that we act in self-interest. This self-interest drives us to pursue individual freedom, and happiness. In classical l iberalism the obstacles to individual freedom are: Each other-we have a social contract with each other, Government, Religious conformity-religious beliefs are private, Poverty, Prejudice- not moving on from the past, Ignorance-not knowing. The key to liberalism is that your pursuit of happiness doesn’t block anybody else’s. The idea is equality of opportunity. In liberalism all men are created equally. A liberal can be whatever he/she wants to be, but also following the guidelines above. Liberalism promotes a level playing field. When the 09/11 attacks occurred the rights and safety of the people of this country were violated and being that the roles of the government as far as the classical liberal ideology is concerned are: Protection - to protect each individual form being harmed or feeling like they’re being harmed, which would block their pursuit of happiness. Also the Justice System – which is a role of government is supposed to play a huge part. ...

What challenges do the educational philosophies of Paulo Freire and Research Paper

What challenges do the educational philosophies of Paulo Freire and Waldorf schools pose - Research Paper Example What challenges do the educational philosophies of Paulo Freire and Waldorf schools pose? The Waldorf schools on the other hand rely on the educational philosophy which was developed by Steiner Rudolph. The educational philosophy of the Waldorf schools is mainly based on the belief that various developmental stages in children are the best when it comes to children learning different things. This is so because it is believed that children can only learn different things in life when their physical, spiritual and intellectual capabilities are in terms with the kind of information presented to them (Petrash, 2002). The essay below seeks to address the challenges posed by the educational philosophies of the Waldorf schools and Paulo Freire to the testing requirements of state and local school districts. The testing requirements in the state and local district schools have received challenges in various ways by the educational philosophy of Paulo Freire. Most of the state and local district schools have a tendency of not giving their students a voice of their own. Therefore i f, the Paulo philosophy is incorporated in the local and state district schools, then the students will tend to be more demanding. In such cases when students are more demanding, the relationship between the students and the teachers becomes mayhem (Freire, 2000). Once the teacher-student relationship becomes chaotic, then the testing requirements of the schools are negatively affected. The students may feel oppressed by the teachers when the teachers fail to meet their demands, and this makes them be violent. Another challenge posed by the educational philosophy by Paulo Freire to the testing requirements of the local and state district schools is when the students accuse teachers of being irresponsible and disobliging in the sense that they fail to listen to the opinions brought about by the students. Such situation demoralizes the students to the extent of them not performing well in their school work (Irwin, 2012). Since most of the local and state district schools have a tenden cy of allowing their teachers to provide students with knowledge, the educational philosophy by Paulo Freire may be a challenge to the testing requirements of the schools. The educational philosophy by Paulo Freire advocates that teachers and students should interact equally in the acquisition of knowledge so that students may learn to have a voice in the oppressive society. It becomes a challenge because once students are used to being fed with knowledge by their teachers, it is quite difficult for them to interact with the teachers and give out their opinion on what they are taught (Dewey, 2009). Students in most of the district schools do not know how to interpret the knowledge they learn in school in the real world. In most occasions, these students tend to memorize what their teachers feed them with and fail to know what the knowledge they have been fed with really means in the real world. This becomes a significant challenge to the testing requirements of the local and state d istrict schools. For this case, the students continue being the oppressed, and that they lack to obtain the powers of speaking for themselves (Freire, 2000). Another challenge that is posed by the educational philosophy of Paulo Freire to the testing requirements of the district schools is the fact that teachers in these schools tend to fear engaging with students in