Evaluate how far the provisions of the Landlord and Tenants Essay

Assess how far the arrangements of the Landlord and Tenants (Covenants) Act 1995 can be said to profit inhabitants to the weakness of proprietors - Essay Example For this situation the landowner couldn’t demand his legitimate option to charge a full lease carefully because of the war circumstance and its negative impact on inhabitance in his pads. In United Kingdom, a few proprietor and occupants acts have been established to give right heading and lawful instrument for tackling the issues identified with landowner and inhabitant matters1. The requirement for improving proprietor and occupant act was additionally felt in nations like Ireland and in like manner law change commission was built up in the year 1975 (The law change commission, 2003). In July 2001, this law change commission built up proprietor and inhabitant venture targeting transforming the landowner and occupant law. proprietor and occupant acts. For instance, proprietor and occupant acts were presented in 1709, 1730, 1851, 1927, 1954, 1985, 1987 and 1988. The goal of every one of these demonstrations is to guarantee the certifiable interests of both the landowners and occupants as indicated by the understanding made between them. Be that as it may, the particular point of these demonstrations is to lessen the abuse of inhabitants via proprietors. Over some undefined time frame, the need for transforming the laws identified with landowner and inhabitants is felt and appropriately the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 was authorized. The commitment of Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 is exceptionally noteworthy in diminishing the issues looked by the inhabitants from the landowners (Office of Public Service Information, 1995). With the incorporation of a few arrangements under the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995, the administration of United Kingdom guaranteed the interests and privileges of the inhabitants and it legitimately secures their privileges in sharing the rent of the property and landowners can't drive them to clear at whatever point they wish to do as such. The basic investigation of the arrangements of the said demonstration is fundamental so the advantages collected upon by the inhabitants can be evaluated. Let us examine individually. The Landlord and Tenant (Covenants)

Report on Nutrition and Breastfeeding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report on Nutrition and Breastfeeding - Essay Example The Australian Breastfeeding Association and numerous other genuine wellbeing foundations around the globe consider breastfeeding as the best taking care of training that moms are urged to go along to guarantee ideal wellbeing and prosperity of their kids (â€Å"Why Breastfeeding is,† 2005; World Health Organization (WHO), n.d.a) - and recommended beneficial outcomes have for sure roused numerous to do as such. Other than giving sustenance, bosom milk is additionally accepted to help save an infant from a scope of sicknesses. In the year 2004, the Federal Government got a report about the disturbing pattern of the decrease in breastfeeding rates among moms as their children arrive at the initial not many months (as refered to in Godfrey, 2009). Subsequently, the Department of Health and Aging presented the Australian National Breastfeeding Strategy 2010-2015 in light of the apparent danger to the soundness of the youthful Australians which is â€Å"recognized as an issue of national importance† (National Public Health Partnership (NPHP), 2004). As wellbeing suppliers, it is the obligation of medical attendants to play out their assigned jobs in upholding legitimate breastfeeding practices and nourishment among babies in the network level in help to the push of advancing wellbeing and forestalling ailment in the populace. Corresponding Feeding - â€Å"Complementary taking care of alludes to takes care of that are allowed following a half year old enough when bosom milk along doesn't give satisfactory nourishment to the developing infant† (Bhat, 2009, p. 43). Regardless of the way that Australia is for sure perhaps the most advantageous nation in the entire world, it can't be denied that it despite everything experiences significant medical issues like most, if not all, of the nations around the globe do. What makes Australia’s wellbeing status one of a kind, be that as it may, is the nearness of an impressive financial status decent variety between its standard and Indigenous populaces (Moodie, Harper, and Oldenburg, 2008, p. 4). Since it is

Delicious Dilemma

Delicious Dilemma What should I attend tonight? Option 1: 4th Annual LATKE-HAMENTASHEN DEBATE Today, 8:00 p.m. in Room 10-250 Dont miss this exciting debate between the fruit-filled cookies known as Hamentashen and the fried potato pancake known as the Latke. Two teams of MIT experts will present their arguments in favor of their respective type of food. Hear the arguments of these esteemed MIT professors: Hamentashen Team: Alan Guth (Physics) Daniel Kleitman (Mathematics) Alexander Slocum (Mech Eng) Latke team: Diana Henderson (Literature) Brian Robison (Music) Robert Silbey (Chemistry Dean of Science) Moderator: Walter Lewin (Physics) Join us after the debate for a reception with hundreds of latkes and hamentashen in Lobby 10. Event sponsored by MIT Hillel and supported by MITs Peter de Florez Fund for Humor, UA Finboard, and ARCADE. For information about this years debate and past years debates see: http://web.mit.edu/hillel/www/latke-hamentashen-debate.html Option 2: Tired of Ramen for dinner? Wish you could do something to make your nightly pasta taste better? Well, tomorrow is your lucky day! Julie Banda from Health Promotion and Wellness will be not only talking about how to eat better when you have to cook for yourself, but actually showing you how, too! Bronwyn, one of our wonderful Housemasters, has graciously offered the use of her kitchen to allow Julie to make some dishes that are simple, inexpensive, and nutritious! WHEN: 6 March, 8:00 PM (Monday night) WHERE: Bronwyns kitchen! (Conner 1, suite 111) WHY: Nutrition doesnt have to be tedious or boring Oh, if only all of lifes problems were this enjoyable. Option 3: The Undergraduate Association (UA) Presidential/VPial (?) debates Election 2006

French Art A Testimony Of The Fight For Freedom

Kalyn Harley Dr. Touya HIST 4710 18 June 2015 French Art: a Testimony of the Fight for Freedom Throughout the course of the past four centuries in France, the value of liberty and freedom transcends from history into art. During the American Revolutionary War, Lafayette, a Frenchman, risked his life with the decision to assist the American people with the fight for freedom against England. America’s accomplishment inspired French citizens to start their own revolution against their oppressive monarchy. Artists captured the essence of revolution in their works, such as Delacroix did in his Liberty Leading the People. The progression of time transforms France as a country along with its artistic culture. As observed with World War I†¦show more content†¦During the winter of 1776, Benjamin Franklin made his way to France in hope of obtaining assistance to insure the United States of America’s independence (Schiff 1). Franklin was successful in making the unlikely alliance. One troop from France described American soldiers as â€Å"’English as regards Frenchmen, but Americans toward the English.’†. Reports also share the two countries’ soldiers rather socialized with each other (168). The year 1789 marked the beginnings of French rebellion and revolution. While France’s streets bared witness to uproar, mainstream French artists displayed their art in Great Britain. Their art works thrived in response to the revolution. Previously, French art exhibited grandeur to match Louis XIV’s rule. Art now would shatter the once desirable authority and reveal its true face. France’s artists continued to evolve with the following uprisings of 1830, 1848, and 1870. These revolutions brought forth shocking paintings, such as Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People (Jones 1). Today, in the Louvre, Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People resides where all visitors can view the patriotic work. People claim the painting represents the French Revolution; however, it does not accurately represent the historical event. The painting presents the overthrow in an emphasized emotional sense, representing theShow MoreRelatedJackie Robinson : African American Civil Rights Activist1181 Words   |  5 Pageswilling to fight for it (addressed Negro Americans). Du Bois, W.E.B. The Talented Tenth. N.p., Sept. 1903. Print. This is a letter from African-American civil rights activist, W.E.B. Du Bois, explaining what the Talented Tenth is and their goal. Du Bois, W.E.B. Criteria of Negro Art. The Crisis Oct. 1926: n. pag. Print. A newspaper article about what William Edward Burghard, a civil rights activist, thinks about the current state that black people are in. 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Willingham, who was unfaithful, drank too much Jack Daniel’s, and sometimes hit Stacy—even when she was pregnant. A neighbor said that he once heard Willingham yell at her, â€Å"Get up, bitch, and I’llRead MoreTrial by Fire16445 Words   |  66 Pagesthings, driving under the influence, stealing a bicycle, and shoplifting. In 1988, he met Stacy, a senior in high school, who also came from a troubled background: when she was four years old, her stepfather had strangled her mother to death during a fight. Stacy and Willingham had a turbulent relationship. Willingham, who was unfaithful, drank too much Jack Daniel’s, and sometimes hit Stacy—even when she was pregnant. A neighbor said that he once heard Willingham yell at her, â€Å"Get up, bitch, and I’llRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesPowers Resolution 49 II. 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Differences and Similarities of Business Systems in China...

Summary By utilizing institutional matrix, this paper explains how different factors in each country interact with one another and how those factors consist the business system in China and Japan. Moreover, this paper also compares the differences and similarities of business systems in China and in Japan. Business System In order to understand the business system, we need to look at the most important component, the people, first. After recognizing the pattern of individual activity, we can apply this pattern in a broader sense and understand the system as a whole. Japanese people tend to be more collectivistic than Chinese. Historically Japan and China had ruled under the idea of Confucianism, which stresses the importance of†¦show more content†¦Guanxi seems play a major part in Chinese firms when it comes to promotion, a large number of bribe payers approaches to his/her supervisor during the promotion window and pays a big fortune or buy an expensive gift like luxury watch or handbag. This action is usually seen in the state-owned enterprises since no one really holds responsibility for bad personal decision and changes of personal is often one way. Unless someone make a serious mistake, he/she will not be demoted for being non-action. In private sector, however, merit is the most important criteria. Nominator usually holds responsibility for his/her nomination, and the changes of personal is two-ways. If someone get promoted and he/she cannot fulfil the job, he/she will be demoted. Another difference between the lobar market in China and Japan is the participation rate of female workers. By 2012 the labor force participate rate for Japan is only 48% where as 68% for China. This index for both countries is stable for years (2014). One of the major decision making system in Japanese firms is ringi system. Ringi system requires everyone including first-line workers to put their seal on the specially designed roll to indicate they agree with the change, this is usually time consuming but once a common decision is formed, the firm can quickly and easily implement the change (Ala, 1999, pp. 22-25). Such ringi system does not exist in China,Show MoreRelatedSimilarities and Differences between Chinese Culture and Japanese Culture1567 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Similarities and Differences between Chinese Culture and Japanese Culture All collectives and groups in the world, no matter big countries or small families, have their own cultures. There is no single definition which can suit everyone’s understanding of culture. 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Answer with Reference to Relevant Theories and Use Comparative Country and/or Corporate Examples.3017 Words   |  13 PagesCompare and contrast business systems in Japan and China. Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country and/or corporate examples. Word count: 2,608 To understand the differences between Japanese and Chinese business systems we must first understand the meaning of a â€Å"business system†. A â€Å"business system† is a â€Å"methodical procedure or process, used as a delivery mechanism for providing specific goods or services to customers in a well defined market† (1). Unlike theRead MoreCompare and Contrast Business Systems in Japan and China. Answer with Reference to Relevant Theories and Use Comparative Country and/or Corporate Examples.1868 Words   |  8 PagesCompare and contrast business systems in Japan and China. Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country and/or corporate examples. 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A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity Free Essays

string(93) " and fixed femaleness that emanates from the mother in the early mother-infant relationship\." A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity | Introduction During the twentieth century there have been several leading studies, findings and theories to attempt to rationalize and explain masculinity and gender roles in the United States. Some have been based on biblical reference, others on pure animal instinct and some based on modern research. In the following pages I will describe my own factors and qualities that define what it means to be man; that is to understand modern masculinity in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will highlight and further explore the common theme of hegemonic masculinity and how it threads into our modern culture. You will see a â€Å"frameless framework† evolve; one that is not visible directly, rather it becomes visible only through the absence of tangible visual clues. In addition, I will explore the intersectionality of several roles the Western culture uses to define ourselves as men. Along the way I have included historical references to show how this has changed. In the end you will have a better understanding about intended, conscious choices as well as those unintended, more subtle elements which define modern Western masculinity. Hegemonic Masculinity When pressure is applied and the outcome is not written, verbalized or otherwise directly expressed as hegemonic. This likewise can be applied to gender roles, and most specifically to masculine gender. The dominant discourse of masculinity characterized by physical and emotional toughness, risk taking, predatory heterosexuality, being a breadwinner, and so on. Elements of hegemonic masculinity are commonly set up in binary opposition to their alternatives, so that anything other than the hegemonic form is immediately non-masculine (Divisser, 597) There are numerous unrealistic expectations placed on modern men; often fraught with conflicting values and outcomes. Often men are defined as men by actions, visual clues and memberships to social (non-visual) cliques. Throughout recent history gender (masculine and feminine both) have evolved, as they should have, and n some ways modernized to fit with current cultural standards. Theorists have historicized gender and detached it as an analytical concept from patriarchy, emphasizing instead the performative and discursive features of regimes of gendered power. (Nye, 419) Several theories have been introduced to understand how conflicts incur stress or â€Å"strain†. One such theory is Gender Strain Theory which roughly states how genders differently experience various aspects of life, inc luding their gender. In an important sense there is only one complete unblushing male in America: a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight, and height, and a recent record in sports. Every American male tends to look out upon the world from this perspective, thus constituting one sense in which one can speak of a common value system in America. Any male who fails to qualify in any one of these ways is likely to view himself—during moments at least—as unworthy, incomplete, and inferior. Phillips, 407) Additionally, men and women experience war differently even with the same uniforms, leaders, directions and mission the outcomes and experiences for each gender are distinct. The men who made the transition from citizens to soldiers were obliged to leave behind a sense of manly competence as heads of household for a life in which they lived rough, submitted to discipline, and survived on their fight ing skills and personal courage. (Nye, 417) One important note is the sense of pride that an act, such as fighting for one’s country can inflict on a man. As much as he might love and identify with his country, the citizen-soldier fought for and under the scrutiny of his comrades in arms, out of the need to defend his personal honor and that of the fatherland, or—which amounts to the same thing—to avoid shame. (Nye, 421) Some actions, either socially, publically and in some cases privately, also perpetuate an unrealistic gender stereotype. As an example, vendors of all types market to gender-specific audiences; one of the most gendered is beer manufactures. They spend an incredible amount of effort (and money) researching gender, role and the perfect campaign to stimulate sales. Masculinity may be conceptualized as a problem because of links between hegemonic masculinity and excessive alcohol consumption, academics, health professionals, the media, and the general public should resist the urge to equate (young) masculinity with excessive alcohol consumption. (Devisser, 612) Within the humanities, human and social sciences, there is growing understanding of identity as a normative ideal that is assured through use of categories like sex, sexuality, gender, race, and ethnicity. These categories function to regulate and â€Å"develop† identity by including and excluding particular characteristics in relation to an assumed â€Å"normal. † (Phillips, 416) Hegemonic masculinity thus refers to the social ascendancy of a particular version of model of masculinity that operates on the terrain of common sense and conventional morality that defines â€Å"What it means to be a man,† thus securing the dominance of some men (and the subordination of women) within the sex/gender system. (Craig 190) At the most basic level, masculinity can be understood as the outward expressions of being biologically male. In this way, male (and female) behaviors are accounted for through a form of genetic and/or biological determinism. The Y Chromosome, testosterone and other hormonal influences, are seen as creating a drive toward particular behaviors in men – hunter(breadwinner), being territorial, sexual promiscuity – that are expressions of evolutionary mechanisms designed to ensure the survival of the species and the procreation of the strongest genetic pool. (Robertson, 27) The model of the male hegemonic sexuality tends to presume the idea of a male heterosexual identity. This, in turn, implies some sense of sameness, commonality, and continuity. If not actually present, the search is nevertheless at least on for an identity—a project of knowing how one is a man. (Hearn, Connell, Kimmel, 190) Another theory that has evolved is the Psychoanalytic Object Relations Theory of Masculine Identity. It helps explain that a boy’s innate and fixed maleness is inadvertently undermined by the mother’s innate and fixed femaleness that emanates from the mother in the early mother-infant relationship. You read "A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity" in category "Papers" This undermining occurs, according to Pollack (1995), through the mother’s unconscious and conscious dis-identifying behavior. He describes it as â€Å"more than just a subtle emotional shift. (Phillips, 409) In a related, yet quite different approach, the Self-In-Relation Theory of Men and Masculinity Development that encourages sons and fathers (or mothers and sons) so ultimately not stay connected. Although painful thi s necessary coming-of-age does help complete the parent role and begin the maturity of the son. According to the self-in-relation theory of masculine development, disconnection from relationship is reinforced by cultural forces. Gender role socialization and gender stereotypes, for example, pressure boys and mothers to disconnect in the name of â€Å"normal† development and achieving maleness. Phillips, 411) This pressure to define oneself as a man has been a historically difficult and painful experience. During the early portion of the industrial revolution men no longer worried only about controlling their own passions; now they were fretting that the new crowds surrounding them would put them in a straitjacket. And sadly, at least to many of them, escape was increasingly difficult. (Kimmel, 86) Therefore in many cases men had to find common ground among themselves. For the first time they could help identify themselves as individuals by first define themselves as a group. Gender socialization, in this theory, provides the interactional component between individual and society in gender role identity formation. (Phillips, 410) Race and Age Marginalization For some men identity definition comes about by marginalizing other minority groups. By minority I mean other races, ages, social classes, economic groups, religions, etc. By downplaying others’ images it makes the man feel stronger. By comparison a hegemonic masculinity is asserted by denigrating ‘others’ who are not present. Mullen, 152) Although seemingly subtle this assertion has put countless marginalized groups further under power and further separated from a dominant class. External appearance and physical functioning are considered reflections of the self and symbolize social status. Thus, people whose body does not comply with the ideal rank lower in the hierarchy. Specifically, whereas the young body is a central definer of the ideal person, the aged body symbolizes the u nwanted and turns into a subject of collective stigma. (Mersel, 74) This case of ageism pushes a lifetime of experience and expertise aside for the sake of ego and self righteousness. Interestingly, the division between two ‘kinds’ of people is supported by opposing stereotypes. Whereas youngsters are perceived as productive, independent and dynamic, elders are regarded as non-productive, dependant and static. A similar reversal relation is found in gender traits as well. In contrast to the gendered young and middle-aged adults, older persons are conceived of as devoid of gender. (Mersel, 75) In addition to the general relationship between aging and gender, the specific intersection between aging and masculinity further deepens the interruption in the masculine key-plots. One major reason is older men’s transparency. As a result of the aging demography, older men are constructed as pre-death. (Mersel, 76) Power Over Women with Pornography Another factor to help define masculinity is the self-centered and sexual pleasure derived from pornography. Specifically from pornographic web sites since the selection is so wide for individual tastes, the availability is as ubiquitous as the Internet and privacy does not usually become an issue. No discussion of these Web sites can ignore the attempts to devalue women in text and images presented. The sites objectify women, relegate them to means for satisfying â€Å"normal† (pathological) desire, and present them as sources of financial reward. While these women are represented as interested in sex, no matter how interested or willing these women are, they remain things to be used and left for the next object-commodity. (Cook, 52) No matter the sexual preference the center of this situation is another power-over situation. Rarely has pornography been produced that does not provide a point of view for a dominant male. Even with Bamp;D pornography with a female dominatrix the woman is simply performing the man’s duty with â€Å"male gaze† enabled. Sex is then no longer the source of a truth, as it was for the moderns with their strong belief in science. Instead human sexualities have become destabilized, de-centered and de-essentialized: the sexual life is no longer seen as harboring an essential unitary core locatable within a clear framework (such as the nuclear family), with an essential truth waiting to be discovered. (Hearn, Connell, Kimmel, 188) Job Identity For numerous reasons men typically use a job as a major contributing factor to their identities. It can fulfill a sense of pride, satisfaction and other purely tangible benefits which are hard to combine in other scenarios. Clearly success here can be defined as a raise, a promotion, recognition and other benefits of a defined â€Å"job well done†. When people of either sex success or fail at a task they typically attribute their success or failure to some cause—their ability, effort, luck or the difficulty of the task. Which cause is attributed in a particular circumstance is a result of such factors a gender stereotypes and neurotic pressures. (Steinberg, 98) Historically airline companies portrayed the pilot as rugged, schooled in wartime flying, courageous, and loyal. Passengers were made to believe that, in the event of danger, they were in the safe hands of experienced and courageous flyers. Stories of pilot heroism and courage were repeated throughout company publicity materials. (Mills, 175) In addition, there have been notions of a hegemonic masculinity that have also been threatened by the rise of the global post-industrial economy. This has ushered in different patterns of employment, resulting in the decline of heavy industry and the increase in service-based employment leading to the progressive fragmentation of class-based communities. (Mullen, 153) For the sake of pilots flying had become associated with two types of danger – combative warfare and aircraft pioneering – both of which were associated in the public mind with men. (Mills, 176) Rapid industrialization, technological transformation, capital concentration, urbanization, and immigration—all of these created a new sense of an oppressively crowded, depersonalized, and often emasculated life. Manhood had meant autonomy and self-control, but now fewer and fewer American men owned they own ships, controlled their own labor, owned their own farms. More and more men were economically dependent, subject to the regime of the time clock. (Kimmel, 82) In addition the public had started to be trained to see heterosexual imagery in corporate materials was subtle and indirect – with references to the individual male employee or passengers and â€Å"his wife†. Mills, 179) American men started to feel themselves beleaguered and besieged, working harder and harder for fewer and fewer personal and social rewards. Women have not only entered the workplace but demand entry into men’s social clubs. (Kimmel, 299) In the end some men chose their careers easily and some chose them with qualms about the manliness or the morality of their choice, but the time came when each of them â€Å"first made trial of his talents† in a profession. Many years of hard work and ev en more of grand dreams had been spent in preparation for this moment. Young men often felt as if an audience of friends and family watched their first efforts at success. (Rotundo, 174) Relationships with Other Men One of the most visible factors which help define masculinity is male/male friendships. Generally men’s friendships are marked by shared activities. Their talk usually centers around work, sports and sharing expertise. Men also trade complaints and concerns about women, along with talk of exploits, but most of the time their interactions are emotionally contained and controlled. Craig, 95) Peer friendship groups may be beneficial to men in terms of mental well-being, masculine identity is often (re) affirmed in such groups through misogyny, homophobia and violence that reinforces hegemonic ideals and can result in the marginalization/subordination of others. (Robertson, 110) One could consider groups of men to be â€Å"gangs† in a purely denotation sense, due to the habits and bonds formed between members. But in addition there are actions (passages, if you will) which may include drinking alcohol in gang life. Alcohol acts as a social lubricant to maintain the solidarity of the gang and also to affirm masculinity and male togetherness. It is a significant part of a number of gang rituals: initiation, funerals and fighting between members. (Mullen, 152) The central theme of masculine leisure activity in a beer commercial, then, is challenge, risk, and mastery—mastery over nature, over technology, over others in good-natured â€Å"combat†, and over oneself. To that end beer functions in leisure activities as it does in work: as a reward for challenges successfully overcome; it also serves another function, never explicitly alluded to in commercials. In several ways drinking, in itself, is a test of mastery. (Craig, 82) To further perpetuate these values in advertising, nature is closely associated with both masculinity and beer, as beer is presented as equivalent to nature. Often, beer is shown to be a product that is nature and pure, implying that its consumption is not harmful, and perhaps even healthy. (Craig, 83) What conclusions could someone draw from this? What lens might these ads be using to sell their products? Yet again, we see masculinity, gender identity and other values (by their filtered definition) sold along with the product. Sexual Identity When sociologists, historians, feminists, and anthropologists began to study human sexuality they soon realized that it was often profoundly unlike that found in other animals. Of course there is a biological substratum that connects us all to animal life, but what is distinctive about human sexuality is that it is both (a) symbolic and meaningful and (b) linked to power. (Hearn, Connell, Kimmel, 187) Despite feminist progress the majority of modern men are still focused solely on the hunt. Today American men are still doing only a fraction more of the work in the home than they were thirty years ago. (Walker, 198) Several of the major factors in sexual identity are phallus-driven (for the sake of this discussion I’ll use â€Å"penis† to mean physical and â€Å"phallus† to mean symbolic). The problem is that the phallus-self immediately refers to the penis-self and the fundamental question of Western heterosexual masculinity (â€Å"am I man enough? †) refers directly to the possession of a â€Å"man enough† penis. The problem is twofold. It reflects a failure to imagine women’s pleasures in other than penile (phallic) terms. It also makes the penis the sole bearer of the possibility for women’s pleasure. (Cook, 58) Heterosexual adolescents may experience coming to terms with their questions about conventional gender ideologies and that the struggles may be keen and unseen by others. It also opens the possibility that the salience of these questions and the ability to resolve them may occur at different times in the development for girls and for boys. Striepe and Tolman, 529) Heterosexual masculine identity is an ongoing production of self that is underpinned by an unfulfillable desire to produce a centre and to generate a self that represses the initial primary identification with the mother. In short, heterosexual masculine identity can be understood to be performed against anxiety. This anxiety is a function of the (failed) repression of femininity that is central to the production of male identity. ( Cook, 48) Two principal sources may be asserted of the (phallic) anxiety that is fundamental to Western heterosexual masculinity. One is the basic psychological process of separating from the mother, which is an essential feature of Freudian psychoanalytic theory, and particularly object relations theory. The second is the anxiety caused to men by the presence of the female, both as the unknowable female body and as the feminine within the male body itself. This anxiety has been intensified by feminism. (Cook, 50) To this end there have been expected â€Å"scripts† written for both male and female roles in society. These are expected, subtly, to be played out. Deviation from these scripts can prove damaging to one’s image. An example script for girls is to please their boyfriends but not to show any signs of their own sexual desire; the punishment for straying from the script is earning a negative reputation, that is, being branded a slut. (Striepe and Tolman, 524) Likewise an example script for boys is that they should always try to have sex, fueled by the anticipation of an uncontrollable surge of testosterone, and that becoming a man means having sex with girls. (Striepe and Tolman, 524) In both cases these scripts are written with a complete male perspective with the female role witnessed with the male gaze. Marriage and Masculinity Throughout history men and women in love felt driven toward a complete and shared understanding, they set an extremely high value on candor. Candor was something that connected two people who inhabited separate sphere. It moved lovers past the stereotypes of the opposite sex and confronted them with the real people obscured by the larger images. (Rotundo, 111) Again historically by marrying, a woman lost her name, her home and in most cases, the control of her property. She surrendered her social identity and put in its place a new one; essentially, that of her husband. Much of who she was became submerged in who her husband was. (Rotundo, 134) Today men and women can chose to embrace or repel this philosophy. Modern relationships should be built on flexibility and mutual respect; not solely on cultural expectations. It’s often said that both men and women â€Å"let themselves go† after marriage. This context-specific quote can mean letting their standards down—meaning losing quality metrics, or letting their bodies go—meaning not taking care of themselves physically, mentally or spiritually. This settling down may be marked by a change in the nature of one’s embodiment. The normal everyday body may increasingly be perceived as a functional, indeterminate shape body rather than as a physical, defined shape body. (Watson, 90) Raising Children and Family Life For many men becoming a father is one of the most rewarding and most challenging parts of a man’s life. The role of father begins not at birth, but rather long before that during the relationship-building phase of the family. A father’s treatment of the opposite sex, his ability to control his own emotions, and his approach to work all play a formative role in shaping his sons’ and daughters’ approach to romantic relationships and marriage, interpersonal relationships, and school and work (Rosenberg, 23) When a boy has a loving relationship with a masculine, competent and nurturing father he develops the masculine characteristics of his father and insofar as the father is representative of his culture the boy develops the behavior and attitudes appropriate for a male. (Steinberg, 75) Some recall seeing very little of their own father because of work shift patterns or longer working days. A reaction to this is to want to spend more time with their children. Evenings and weekends become time for their relationship with the children. (Watson, 91) Fathers need to take an active role in nurturing their children. Many fathers mistakenly see this as mother’s work. It is a valuable way men teach their children that they are loved and respected, and it helps ensure that children, especially boys, do not feel the necessity to act out to get their father’s attention. Helping a toddler brush her teeth, reading a son a nightly story (even a father with limited reading) ability can still enjoy books with his child—together, they can look at the pictures and make up a story), and bottle-feeding a hungry infant all help foster a healthy, strong tie between father and child. (Rosenberg, 40) A child’s first few years are crucial. The grandfather must tell the grandson what the child said while still a fetus in his mother’s womb. Then, he must gradually help him build a connection with his father, who will help him with the hard challenges up ahead. Walker, 81) Fathers should acknowledge their mistakes to their children. When appropriate, they should be willing to seek forgiveness from their children. A father who loses his temper while disciplining a child should apologize to the child. Many men view apologizing to their child as a sign of weakness that will cause the child to lose respect for the father. The opposite is true. Apolo gizing shows a man is capable of acknowledging and facing up to a mistake, fixing the mistake to the extent possible, and committing to moving forward—hardly a sign of weakness, much more so a sign of strength (Rosenberg, 23) Boys need structure, they need supervision, and they need to be civilized. When raised in a laissez-faire environment that is devoid of leadership, they often begin to challenge social conventions and common sense. Many often crash and burn during the adolescent years. (Dobson, 230) Children who are deprived of masculine paternal presence are more likely to become defensive and rigidly adhere to cultural role standard or to avoid the behavior expected of their gender. (Steinberg, 73) Your attitude as a parent will shape the future behavior of your boy. If he sees you acting like a spoiled kid, yelling at the umpire or referee, taunting other players, and throwing tantrums when things go wrong, your son will behave just as badly. (Dobson, 149) When a child grows into an adolescent, he or she must be initiated into adulthood. A person who doesn’t get initiated will remain an adolescent for the rest of their life, and this is a frightening, dangerous and unnatural situation. (Walker, 84) Boys watch their dads intently, noting every minor detail of behavior and values. It is probably true in your home too. Your sons will imitate much of what you do. If you blow up regularly and insult your wife, your boys will treat their mother and other females disrespectfully. (Dobson, 69) Conclusion Based on the various factors I’ve mentioned throughout this writing you may have found both familiar and new factors which have helped shape modern US masculinity. Hopefully you have a better understanding of some of the historical context as well as some context behind masculine gender theories. Throughout this writings I’ve subtly left out portions of text which provide absolute definition and allowed a frameless framework to emerge. This allows me to portray definition without specific parameters. In addition to this you have read about some of the various intersectionalities of man: race, age, power struggle, job, relationships, marriage, and children. Clearly this is not meant to be an exhaustive list, yet it does include many highlights from my own life. Even with that knowledge in hand it was necessary to continuously mention hegemonic masculinity since it gets so little attention in modern media (sort of ironic, right? ). The other key element I felt compelled to include was marginalization of several classes (other races, aged individuals and especially women). I wanted to bring special attention to the meaning and practice of hegemony and marginalization purely for awareness. Both impact all of us either through personal experience, through family, work or education. With this knowledge I hope others will make educated choices on your future interactions with all people. How to cite A Sample of Factors to Define Modern United States Masculinity, Papers

The Aftermath of the Spanish-American War free essay sample

In order to accurately respond to the question feather or not the American forces in the Philippines after the Spanish-American war and during the Philippine-American war were in fact brutal, we must first look at why the wars started in the first place. The Philippine-American war was sparked from the Spanish-American war. Spain owned the Philippines at the time and the American government wanted to take down the Spanish from all sides and the Filipino government was all too eager to help them. They wanted their independence, so at first there were factions of the military who fought alongside the United States to drive the Spanish out.However the U. S. Got greedy after a swift victory and the prospect of gaining new territory was all too enticing to pass up. So, the U. S. Turned on its promise to the Filipino government to help them establish their independence and tried to take over for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on The Aftermath of the Spanish-American War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However the Filipino government was not so easily cooperative and they felt betrayed-?and rightfully so-? by the United States and they felt that they had to make a run for their independence now since they were already in the midst of war. One of the leaders of the Philippine war was Emilio Continual. He led the Filipino revolutionists to victory against he Spanish army. However, unbeknownst to the Filipinos, American forces had secretly signed an agreement with Governor-General Vermin Jadedness of the Spanish army. They agreed that the city of Manila, was to only be surrendered to the American forces under the false pretenses of a mock battle and that no Filipinos would be allowed to enter the city. Spain was burnt by their defeat and saw that the only way to have some sort of victory was to not let the Filipinos have independence by secretly helping the Americans-?blinded by their own greed for expansion-? to become the ruling force in the Philippines. ) As a result, the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1 898 Treaty of Paris, and the American forces took hold of what was considered to be the strongest military position in the Philippines and on January 1, 1899, Continual was declared President. (2) Feeling unrest at their betrayal, Continual felt that it was his responsibility to give his people the freedom and i ndependence that they had been fighting for and so, he declared war on the United States on June 2, 1899.The war itself continued for 3 years until 1902, and the casualties amounted to 4,196 American soldiers dead, and 2,930 were wounded. Small numbers compared to the 34,000 Filipino soldiers who had died during battle and approximately 200,000 civilians who are thought to have died as either casualties of the war or from the cholera epidemic that broke out in the last legs Of the war and the years following. (3) Much of the brutality of the American soldiers towards the Filipinos is probably largely attributed to the fact that America had much more advance technology, weapons, and means of communication.They had been an established country for over 1 00 years where as the Philippines were just starting out on their own. However, that is not to say that there was no actual brutality and unnecessary force exercised on the Filipino people. Or vice versa. In 1 900 Continual switched his war strategy from conventional to guerrilla warfare. As a result, the Philippine Army began staging bloody ambushes and raids against the American occupants. Unfortunately this only angered Americans and led them to become even more ruthless than before. There are accounts of poor treatment of prisoners of war, and the pillaging of small civilian countryside towns, in which all of the buildings, livestock and farmland were burned so as to destroy any means by which the Filipino rimes could gain supplies or an advantage, torture of prisoners for information and the movement of civilians into what they called protected zones, which in all actuality were concentration camps, and the routine shooting surrendering Filipino soldiers. 4) The African-American populations in the United States were sentimental to the Filipinos plight. This is mostly because, while the Filipinos Were being conquered by an advanced America, they were treated terribly, as inhuman, and not worthy of their own independence. Surely the African-American population could relate to this light with their newly gained independence. African-Americans had just won the fight to abolish slavery and become equal citizens, but were still looked upon as unworthy and as differen t.They were one in the same, briefly shown their freedom only to have it be taken away from under them. Yes the Filipinos plight is very different from that of the African-Americans, however the underlying feelings of betrayal and contempt for the IIS government were most likely still a large factor in their views. Americans often saw others as being inferior, and that only with American help could they truly achieve what hey were trying to.